PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD
HISTORY
CLASS X
KEY FIGURES
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2. **James Augustus Hickey:** Founder of the first newspaper in India, the Bengal Gazette.
3. **Raja Ram Mohan Roy:** Contributed to the growth of newspapers and supported printing in Indian languages.
4. **Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar:** Promoted the use of print for social reform and education.
5. **Deen Dayal Upadhyaya:** Founder of the journal 'Rashtradharma,' emphasizing cultural nationalism.
6. **Girish Chunder Sen:** Publisher of 'Amrita Bazar Patrika,' a prominent nationalist newspaper.
7. **Annie Besant:** Editor of 'New India' and a prominent figure in the Home Rule Movement.
8. **Mahatma Gandhi:** Utilized newspapers like 'Young India' to propagate the message of independence.
9. **Dinabandhu Mitra:** Playwright and author who used print for social criticism, known for 'Neel Darpan.'
👉TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
1. **Who is credited with inventing the printing press in 1440?**
- A. James Augustus Hickey
- B. Raja Ram Mohan Roy
- C. Johannes Gutenberg
- D. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
2. **Which individual founded the first newspaper in India, the Bengal Gazette?**
- A. Girish Chunder Sen
- B. Annie Besant
- C. James Augustus Hickey
- D. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya
3. **Who played a significant role in promoting the use of print for social reform and education in India?**
- A. Mahatma Gandhi
- B. Dinabandhu Mitra
- C. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
- D. Raja Ram Mohan Roy
4. **Which nationalist figure was the founder of the journal 'Rashtradharma' emphasizing cultural nationalism?**
- A. Girish Chunder Sen
- B. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya
- C. Annie Besant
- D. Mahatma Gandhi
5. **Who utilized newspapers like 'Young India' to propagate the message of independence?**
- A. Dinabandhu Mitra
- B. Johannes Gutenberg
- C. Mahatma Gandhi
- D. Annie Besant
**Answer Options:**
1. C
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. C
TIME LINES
1. **1430:** Invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg.
2. **1565:** First printed book in India.
3. **1588:** Arrival of the printing press in Goa, India.
4. **1674:** Establishment of the first printing press in Bombay.
5. **1760-1800:** Expansion of print culture in India.
6. **1857:** The first war of Indian independence and the impact on print culture.
7. **1880s:** Growth of newspapers and rise of vernacular press.
8. **1911:** Shift of the capital from Calcutta to Delhi and its influence on newspapers.
9. **1947:** Independence of India and the role of print media.
👉TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
1. **In which year did Johannes Gutenberg invent the printing press?**
- A. 1565
- B. 1588
- C. 1430
- D. 1674
2. **When did the printing press arrive in Goa, India?**
- A. 1565
- B. 1588
- C. 1674
- D. 1440
3. **When was the first printing press established in Bombay?**
- A. 1565
- B. 1588
- C. 1674
- D. 1440
4. **During which period did the expansion of print culture occur in India?**
- A. 1440-1565
- B. 1760-1800
- C. 1857
- D. 1911
5. **What significant event in Indian history occurred in 1947, impacting print media?**
- A. Shift of the capital from Calcutta to Delhi
- B. Independence of India
- C. Arrival of the printing press in Goa
- D. First war of Indian independence
**Answer Options:**
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. B
1**The First Printed Books:**
**China, Japan, and Korea:**
1. **Print Technology Pioneers:**
- Developed early hand-printing systems.
2. **Chinese Innovations (AD 594):**
- Books printed with rubbing paper, folded, and stitched.
- Major producer of printed material for a long time.
3. **Educational Impact:**
- Civil service exams led to vast textbook printing.
- Print expanded beyond scholar-officials.
4. **Trade and Leisure Reading:**
- Merchants used print for trade information.
- Reading transformed into a leisure activity.
5. **Literary Contributions of Women:**
- Rich women published poetry and plays.
- New reading culture attracted technological advancements.
6. **Late 19th Century Imports:**
- Western printing techniques and mechanical presses imported.
👉TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
1. **What was the role of Chinese innovations around AD 594 in the context of printing?**
- A. Introduction of the printing press
- B. Development of early hand-printing systems
- C. Establishment of major printing companies
- D. Implementation of advanced printing techniques
2. **How did the introduction of civil service exams impact printing during the educational phase?**
- A. Reduced the demand for printed material
- B. Led to vast textbook printing
- C. Limited print to scholar-officials
- D. Hindered technological advancements
**Answer Options:**
1. B
2. B
**Print in Japan:**
1. **Buddhist Introduction (AD 768-770):**
- Hand-printing introduced by Buddhist missionaries.
2. **Oldest Japanese Book (AD 868):**
- Buddhist Diamond Sutra with text and woodcut illustrations.
3. **Visual Material Printing:**
- Printing of visual materials led to diverse publishing practices.
4. **Late 19th Century Cultural Impact:**
- Illustrative collections depicted an elegant urban culture.
- Libraries and bookstores packed with hand-printed materials.
5. **Diverse Topics Covered:**
- Books on women, musical instruments, etc., showcased variety.
👉TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
1. **Who introduced hand-printing in Japan during AD 768-770?**
- A. Buddhist missionaries
- B. Japanese artisans
- C. Confucian scholars
- D. Imperial rulers
2. **What is notable about the Buddhist Diamond Sutra in Japan around AD 868?**
- A. It was the first printed book
- B. It introduced woodcut illustrations
- C. It was written in multiple languages
- D. It focused on Japanese cultural practices
**Answer Options:**
1. A
2. B
Remember the key developments, educational impact, and cultural shifts in both China and Japan during the early days of print technology.
2**Print Comes to Europe:**
 |
- After exploring China, Marco Polo brought knowledge of woodblock printing to Europe.
2. **Spread of Technology:**
- Woodblock printing technology gradually spread across Europe.
3. **Increasing Demand for Books:**
- Growing demand led booksellers to export books to different countries.
4. **Challenge of Manuscript Production:**
- Handwritten manuscripts couldn't meet the rising demand for books.
5. **Diversification of Woodblock Usage:**
- Europe utilized woodblocks for printing textiles, playing cards, and religious pictures.
👉TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
1. **How did Marco Polo contribute to the spread of printing technology?**
- A. Introduced the printing press to Europe
- B. Brought knowledge of woodblock printing to Europe after exploring China
- C. Established the first European printing press
- D. Exported books from Europe to China
**Answer Options:**
1. B
**Gutenberg and the Printing Press:**
1. **Johann Gutenberg's Innovation (1430s):**
- Gutenberg developed the first-known printing press in the 1430s.
2. **Adaptation of Existing Technology:**
- An expert in polishing stones, Gutenberg adapted his knowledge to design the printing press.
3. **First Printed Book - The Bible:**
- The Bible was the first printed book using Gutenberg's new system.
4. **Coexistence with Handwritten Production:**
- Despite the new technology, hand-produced books for the rich retained space for decoration.
5. **Printing Revolution (1450-1550):**
- Printing presses proliferated across most European countries.
- Shift from hand printing to mechanical printing marked the printing revolution.
👉TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
1. **What did Johann Gutenberg develop in the 1430s that revolutionized printing?**
- A. The first handwritten book
- B. The first mechanical press
- C. The first-known printing press
- D. The first printing ink
2. **Which book was the first to be printed using Gutenberg's new printing press system?**
- A. A collection of poems
- B. The Bible
- C. A philosophical treatise
- D. A historical manuscript
**Answer Options:**
1. C
2. B
**Summary:**
- Marco Polo's return introduced woodblock printing to Europe.
- Rising demand for books led to the exportation of literature.
- Woodblock technology diversified into various printing applications.
- Gutenberg's innovation brought about the first printing press.
- Coexistence with handwritten books allowed space for decoration.
- Printing presses spread across Europe, marking the transition to mechanical printing in the printing revolution.
**The Print Revolution and Its Impact:**
- **Cost Reduction:** Print revolution lowered book costs, flooding markets with books.
- **Wider Readership:** New culture of reading emerged, reaching a broader audience.
- **Elites vs. Common People:** Earlier, elites read, and others listened to sacred texts.
- **Oral Culture Transition:** Printers published illustrated ballads and folk tales, blending oral and print culture.
2. **Religious Debates and the Fear of Print:**
- **Debate Introduction:** Print triggered debates and discussions, not universally welcomed.
- **Apprehensions:** Wider book circulation raised fears of rebellious and irreligious thoughts.
- **Martin Luther's Impact (1517):** Ninety-Five Theses criticized Roman Catholic practices, sparking the Protestant Reformation.
- **Division in the Church:** Luther's printed copy led to a split within the Roman Catholic Church.
3. **Print and Dissent:**
- **Menocchio's Case (16th Century):** Menocchio's reinterpretation of the Bible led to his execution.
- **Index of Prohibited Books (1558):** Roman Church maintained a list of prohibited books.
👉TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
1. **What impact did the print revolution have on the readership culture?**
- A. Restricted access to books for elites
- B. Raised book costs, limiting readership
- C. Lowered book costs, reaching a broader audience
- D. Exclusively promoted oral culture
2. **How did Martin Luther contribute to the religious debates triggered by print technology?**
- A. Advocated for Roman Catholic practices
- B. Criticized the printing press
- C. Sparked the Protestant Reformation with his Ninety-Five Theses
- D. Unified the Roman Catholic Church
**Answer Options:**
1. C
2. C
**Summary:**
- Print revolution transformed lives, altering the relationship with information and knowledge.
- Reduced book costs created a new reading culture for a broader audience.
- Print triggered debates and fears, leading to the Protestant Reformation.
- Menocchio's case exemplified dissent, leading to the creation of an Index of Prohibited Books.
Remember the key shifts in reading culture, the impact on religious debates, and the challenges posed by dissent during the print revolution.
**The Reading Mania:**
1. **Literacy Rise (17th-18th Centuries):**
- **Educational Expansion:** Schools and literacy spread in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.
- **Demand for Books:** Increasing literacy led to a demand for diverse books.
2. **Entertainment Reading:**
- **Diverse Book Purposes:** Books of various sizes served different purposes and interests.
- **Periodical Press (Early 18th Century):** Development of periodicals combined current affairs with entertainment.
- **Information Dissemination:** Journals and newspapers carried news on wars, trade, and global developments.
- **Scientific Influence:** Works like Isaac Newton's discoveries were published, influencing scientifically-minded readers.
**‘Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world!’:**
1. **Role of Books in Enlightenment (Mid-18th Century):**
- **Mercier's Perspective:** Louise-Sebastien Mercier considered the printing press a powerful engine of progress.
- **Public Opinion's Force:** Mercier emphasized public opinion as a force against despotism.
- **Call to Tyrants:** Urged tyrants to tremble before the influence of the virtual writer.
👉TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
1. **What contributed to the demand for diverse books during the 17th and 18th centuries?**
- A. Decreasing literacy rates
- B. Limited availability of books
- C. Educational expansion and increasing literacy
- D. Exclusivity of book purposes
2. **How did the periodical press in the early 18th century impact information dissemination?**
- A. Hindered access to current affairs
- B. Only focused on entertainment
- C. Combined current affairs with entertainment and carried news on various topics
- D. Restricted scientific influence in publications
**Answer Options:**
1. C
2. C
**Print Culture and the French Revolution:**
- **Critical Commentary:** Print popularized Enlightenment thinkers' ideas, critiquing tradition, superstition, and despotism.
- **Voltaire and Rousseau Influence:** Writings of Voltaire and Rousseau widely read, fostering critical and rational perspectives.
2. **Culture of Dialogue and Debate:**
- **New Ideas of Social Revolution:** Print culture facilitated a public culture of dialogue, fostering new ideas of social revolution.
3. **Literary Critique of Royalty (1780s):**
- **Literary Mockery:** Outpouring of literature in the 1780s mocked royalty and criticized their morality.
4. **Print's Role in Shaping Ideas:**
- **Spreading and Shaping Ideas:** Print spread ideas, allowing people to accept, reject, and interpret concepts in their way.
- **Possibility of Divergent Thinking:** While not directly shaping minds, print opened up possibilities for diverse perspectives.
👉TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
**1. What role did Voltaire and Rousseau play in the popularization of Enlightenment ideas through print?**
a) They discouraged the reading of Enlightenment thinkers' ideas.
b) Their writings were widely read, fostering critical and rational perspectives.
c) They promoted tradition, superstition, and despotism.
d) They had no influence on the print culture of the Enlightenment.
**2. How did the print culture contribute to the literary critique of royalty in the 1780s?**
a) Print culture praised royalty and supported their morality.
b) Print had no impact on the literary mockery of royalty.
c) Outpouring of literature in the 1780s mocked royalty and criticized their morality.
d) Print culture discouraged any form of criticism against royalty.
**Answer Options:**
1. B
2. C
**Summary:**
- Educational expansion fueled a demand for diverse books.
- Entertainment reading flourished with periodicals, newspapers, and scientific publications.
- Mercier highlighted the transformative power of print against despotism.
- Print culture played a crucial role in popularizing Enlightenment ideas and fostering a culture of dialogue, leading to the literary critique of royalty during the French Revolution.
5**Nineteenth Century Innovations:**
- **Inclusive Readership:** Mass literacy expanded to include children, women, and workers during the 19th century.
- **Compulsory Primary Education:** Late 19th century witnessed the introduction of compulsory primary education.
2. **Children, Women, and Workers' Influence:**
- **Children’s Press (1857 - France):** Dedicated children’s press in France (1857) focused on literature for children.
- **Grimm Brothers and Folk Tales:** Grimm Brothers in Germany collected and transformed traditional folk tales.
- **Women in Reading and Writing:** Women gained importance as both readers and writers.
- **Magazines for Women:** Specialized magazines and manuals for women covering proper behavior and housekeeping.
- **Lending Libraries for Education:** In 19th-century England, lending libraries became educational tools for white-collar workers, artisans, and the lower-middle class.
3. **Press Innovations:**
- **Metal Press (Late 18th Century):** Transition from wooden to metal presses.
- **Power-Driven Cylindrical Press (19th Century - Richard M):** Enhanced printing speed, particularly beneficial for newspapers.
- **Offset Printing (19th Century):** Development of offset printing capable of printing six colors simultaneously.
4. **Technological Advancements:**
- **20th Century Developments:**
- **Electrically Operated Presses:** Acceleration of printing operations through electrically operated presses.
- **Improved Paper Feeding Methods:** Advancements in methods of feeding paper.
- **Enhanced Plate Quality:** Improvements in the quality of printing plates.
- **Innovations in Color Printing:** Introduction of automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls for color registration.
👉TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
1. **What major development contributed to the expansion of mass literacy during the 19th century?**
- A. Introduction of compulsory primary education
- B. Creation of specialized magazines for women
- C. Transition from wooden to metal presses
- D. Development of offset printing
2. **Which technological advancement in the 19th century significantly enhanced printing speed, especially for newspapers?**
- A. Transition from wooden to metal presses
- B. Introduction of automatic paper reels
- C. Development of offset printing
- D. Power-driven cylindrical press
3. **What was a notable innovation in press technology during the 20th century that accelerated printing operations?**
- A. Introduction of automatic paper reels
- B. Advancements in methods of feeding paper
- C. Electrically operated presses
- D. Development of offset printing
**Answer Options**
1. A
2. D
3. C
**Summary:**
- Mass literacy expanded to include diverse demographics.
- Initiatives like compulsory education and specialized presses for children and women emerged.
- Grimm Brothers contributed to transforming traditional folk tales.
- Women played roles as readers and writers, with dedicated literature and manuals.
- Lending libraries became educational tools for various societal groups.
- Press innovations included the shift to metal, power-driven cylindrical presses, and advancements in color printing technologies.
- 20th-century developments featured electrically operated presses, improved paper feeding, enhanced plate quality, and innovations in color registration.
6**India and the World of Print:**
1. **Manuscripts Before Print:**
- **Rich Tradition:** India boasts a rich tradition of handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, and vernacular languages.
- **Materials:** Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or handmade paper.
- **Post-Print Manuscript Production:** Manuscript production persisted even after the introduction of print.
- **Challenges:** Manuscripts were considered expensive and fragile.
2. **Print Comes to India (Mid-16th Century Onwards):**
- **Goa's Introduction to Printing:** The first printing press arrived in Goa in the mid-16th century with Portuguese missionaries.
- **Tamil and Malayalam Books:** Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin, followed by the first Malayalam book in 1713.
- **English Press Arrival:** The English press arrived later in India, initiated by the English East India Company importing presses in the late 17th century.
- **Bengal Gazette and Early Publications:** James Augustus Hickey edited the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine that featured advertisements and gossip about the Company’s senior officials in India.
- **Emergence of Newspapers and Journals:** By the late 18th century, several newspapers and journals made their appearance in print.
👉TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
1. **What materials were commonly used for copying manuscripts before the introduction of print in India?**
- A. Metal plates
- B. Palm leaves
- C. Papyrus
- D. Animal hides
2. **When did the first printing press arrive in Goa, India, with Portuguese missionaries?**
- A. Early 16th century
- B. Mid-16th century
- C. Late 16th century
- D. Early 17th century
3. **Who printed the first Tamil book in 1579 in Cochin, India?**
- A. English East India Company
- B. James Augustus Hickey
- C. Portuguese missionaries
- D. Catholic priests
**Answer Options**
1. B
2. B
3. D
**Summary:**
India's print history reflects a transition from rich manuscript traditions to the introduction of printing technology:
- Manuscripts, initially copied on palm leaves or handmade paper, continued alongside print.
- The arrival of the printing press in Goa marked the mid-16th century.
- Catholic priests contributed to printing the first Tamil and Malayalam books.
- The English press was introduced in India in the late 17th century, with newspapers and journals emerging by the late 18th century.
- Notable publications, like the Bengal Gazette, played a role in early print culture in India.
**Religious Reform and Public Debates:**
- **Criticism and Reform:** Early 19th-century India witnessed intense religious debates as people criticized existing practices and advocated for reform.
- **Print's Role:** Printed tracts and newspapers played a pivotal role in spreading new ideas and shaping the nature of debates.
2. **Controversies and Debates:**
- **Themes of Controversy:** Controversies erupted over issues such as widow immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood, and idolatry.
- **Participants:** Social and religious reformers engaged in debates with the Hindu orthodoxy.
- **Prominent Figure:** In 1821, Rammohun Roy contributed to the discourse by publishing the Sambad Kaumudi.
3. **Printed Publications (Early 19th Century):**
- **Persian Newspapers (1822):** In 1822, Persian newspapers like Jam-i-Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar emerged.
- **Gujarati Newspaper (1822):** The same year witnessed the establishment of the Bombay Samachar, a Gujarati newspaper.
4. **Deoband Seminary (Founded in 1867):**
- **Islamic Fatwas:** Founded in 1867, the Deoband Seminary published numerous fatwas guiding Muslim readers on conduct and explaining Islamic doctrines.
5. **Print's Influence on Hindu Readers:**
- **Vernacular Languages:** Print encouraged the reading of religious texts, particularly in vernacular languages among Hindus.
- **Widespread Influence:** Religious texts reached a broad audience, fostering discussions, debates, and controversies within and among different religions.
6. **Newspapers and Pan-Indian Identities:**
- **News Transmission:** Newspapers played a crucial role in conveying news across regions, contributing to the creation of pan-Indian identities.
👉TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
1. **What played a pivotal role in spreading new ideas and shaping religious debates in early 19th-century India?**
- A. Verbal discussions
- B. Printed tracts and newspapers
- C. Religious rituals
- D. Government proclamations
2. **In 1821, who contributed to the religious discourse by publishing the Sambad Kaumudi?**
- A. Rammohun Roy
- B. Deoband Seminary
- C. Bombay Samachar
- D. Shamsul Akhbar
3. **Which seminary, founded in 1867, published numerous fatwas guiding Muslim readers on conduct and explaining Islamic doctrines?**
- A. Rammohun Roy Seminary
- B. Deoband Seminary
- C. Bombay Samachar Seminary
- D. Jam-i-Jahan Nama Seminary
**Answer Options**
1.B
2. A
3. B
**Summary:**
The early 19th century in India saw fervent religious debates, propelled by printed materials. Issues like widow immolation and monotheism fueled controversies, involving reformers and the Hindu orthodoxy. Notable contributions came from figures like Rammohun Roy, and the emergence of newspapers and the Deoband Seminary marked significant milestones in shaping religious discourse. Print, with its influence on Hindu readers and news transmission, played a pivotal role in fostering discussions and shaping religious identities.
8**New Forms of Publication:**
- **Novel Emergence:** The novel, a literary form, developed in Europe, incorporating Indian styles to cater to the growing interest in reading.
- **Literary Diversity:** New literary forms like lyrics, short stories, and essays addressing social and political issues gained popularity.
2. **Visual Culture Development:**
- **Cheap Calendars:** In the late 19th century, affordable calendars became accessible, decorating homes and workplaces for even the economically disadvantaged.
- **Shaping Popular Ideas:** Prints on calendars shaped ideas about modernity, tradition, religion, politics, society, and culture.
- **Caricatures and Cartoons:** Journals and newspapers by the 1870s featured caricatures and cartoons commenting on social and political issues.
3. **Women's Engagement with Print:**
- **Increased Reading:** Women's reading surged in middle-class homes, supported by schools set up for women in cities.
- **Women's Writings:** Journals began featuring writings by women, promoting the idea of women's education.
- **Resistance to Women's Education:** Conservative Hindus and Muslims held reservations, fearing widowhood and corruption from reading.
4. **Print and Social Reforms:**
- **Interest in Women’s Lives:** Social reforms and novels generated interest in women’s lives and emotions.
- **Popularity of Women's Journals:** In the early 20th century, women's journals gained immense popularity.
- **Illustrated Publications:** In Bengal, the Battala area in central Calcutta became a hub for printing popular books, profusely illustrated with woodcuts and coloured lithographs.
5. **Print's Impact on the Poor:**
- **Affordable Books:** Cheap books became available in markets, reaching a broader audience.
- **Public Libraries:** Libraries were established in cities and towns, contributing to wider access.
- **Caste Discrimination in Print:** In the late 19th century, printed tracts and essays highlighted caste discrimination.
- **Empowerment Through Education:** In the 1930s, Bangalore cotton millworkers set up libraries to educate themselves, illustrating the link between caste and class exploitation.
👉TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
1. **What literary form developed in Europe and incorporated Indian styles to cater to the growing interest in reading during the late 19th century?**
- A. Poetry
- B. Play
- C. Novel
- D. Essay
2. **What type of prints on calendars in the late 19th century shaped ideas about modernity, tradition, religion, politics, society, and culture?**
- A. Religious symbols
- B. Caricatures and cartoons
- C. Landscape paintings
- D. Portraits
3. **Which area in central Calcutta became a hub for printing popular books with woodcuts and coloured lithographs in the early 20th century?**
- A. Malabar Hill
- B. Fort William
- C. Battala
- D. Connaught Place
4. **What illustration method was profusely used in books in Bengal's Battala area in the early 20th century?**
- A. Engraving
- B. Etching
- C. Woodcuts
- D. Lithography
5. **In the 1930s, what did Bangalore cotton millworkers establish to educate themselves, illustrating the link between caste and class exploitation?**
- A. Art galleries
- B. Music schools
- C. Public libraries
- D. Printing presses
**Answer Options**
1. C
2. B
3. C
4. C
5. C
**Summary:**
The 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed a diverse range of print-related developments. Emerging literary forms, visual culture through calendars, and increased women's engagement with print shaped societal ideas. Print played a crucial role in social reforms, with popular women's journals and illustrated publications becoming prominent. Moreover, it contributed to empowering the poor through affordable books, public libraries, and initiatives like the establishment of worker libraries in the 1930s.
9**Print and Censorship:**
- **Limited Censorship:** Under the East India Company, censorship wasn't a major concern for the press.
- **Regulations by Calcutta Supreme Court:** Certain regulations were passed by the Calcutta Supreme Court to control press freedom.
2. **Reform in Press Laws (1835):**
- **Governor-General Bentinck's Revisions:** In 1835, Governor-General Bentinck agreed to revise press laws.
- **Thomas Macaulay's Formulation:** New rules formulated by Thomas Macaulay restored earlier freedom to the press.
3. **Impact of 1857 Revolt:**
- **Shift in Press Freedom:** The freedom of the press underwent changes post the revolt of 1857.
4. **Vernacular Press Act (1878):**
- **Introduction:** The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 was enacted, inspired by Irish Press Laws.
- **Government's Extensive Rights:** Provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.
- **Surveillance on Vernacular Newspapers:** The government initiated monitoring of vernacular newspapers.
5. **Nationalist Newspapers and Government Response:**
- **Growth of Nationalist Newspapers:** Nationalist newspapers proliferated across India.
- **Government Reaction:** In response, the government intensified its scrutiny of vernacular newspapers.
6. **Incidents of Repression (1907-1908):**
In 1907, Punjab revolutionaries were deported.
- **Tilak's Support and Imprisonment:** Bal Gangadhar Tilak expressed sympathy in his Kesari, leading to his imprisonment in 1908.
👉TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
1. **During the early period under the East India Company, what was the status of censorship for the press?**
- A. Strict censorship
- B. Limited censorship
- C. No censorship
- D. Self-censorship
2. **Who formulated new rules in 1835 that restored earlier freedom to the press under Governor-General Bentinck?**
- A. William Hastings
- B. Robert Clive
- C. Thomas Macaulay
- D. Lord Cornwallis
3. **What major event caused a shift in press freedom after its occurrence in 1857?**
- A. Formation of Indian National Congress
- B. Partition of Bengal
- C. Revolt of 1857
- D. Introduction of the Vernacular Press Act
4. **What did the Vernacular Press Act of 1878 provide the government with regarding vernacular newspapers?**
- A. Editorial control
- B. Funding support
- C. Legal immunity
- D. Freedom of the press
5. **Which nationalist leader expressed sympathy in his Kesari, leading to his imprisonment in 1908?**
- A. Subhas Chandra Bose
- B. Mahatma Gandhi
- C. Jawaharlal Nehru
- D. Bal Gangadhar Tilak
**Answer Options**
1. B
2. C
3. C
4. A
5. D
**Summary:**
During the East India Company era, censorship was minimal, but reforms in press laws were introduced in 1835. Post the 1857 revolt, changes in press freedom occurred. The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 granted the government significant censorship rights. As nationalist newspapers flourished, the government heightened its surveillance. The incident in 1907 involving the deportation of Punjab revolutionaries and Tilak's subsequent imprisonment highlighted the evolving relationship between the press and censorship, marking a significant phase in India's media history.
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