RESOURCES
Anything in the environment used to meet needs; must be:
- Technologically accessible
- Economically feasible
- Culturally acceptable
Transformation Process:
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Nature + Technology + Institutions
→ Humans use tech to interact with nature, form institutions for development.
Not Free Gifts:
- Resources = Result of human activity
- Humans convert environment materials into usable resources
Classification of Resources:
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(a) By Origin:
- Biotic (living)
- Abiotic (non-living)
(b) By Exhaustibility:
- Renewable
- Non-renewable
(c) By Ownership:
- Individual
- Community
- National
- International
(d) By Development Status:
- Potential
- Developed stock
- Reserves
Development of Resources
Importance:
- Vital for survival & quality of life.
- Problems due to Indiscriminate Use:
- Resource depletion for greed
- Unequal distribution → rich & poor gap
- Ecological crises: global warming, ozone depletion, pollution, land degradation
Need:
- Equitable distribution for sustainable life & peace.
- Resource planning → essential for sustainability.
Sustainable Development:
- Development without harming environment.
- Meet present needs without risking future needs.
Rio Earth Summit (1992):
- Held in Rio, Brazil
- 100+ nations attended
- Goals: environmental protection + socio-economic development
Outcomes:
- Declaration on Climate Change & Biodiversity
- Forest Principles
- Agenda 21 adopted
Agenda 21:
- UNCED declaration (1992, Rio)
- Aim: global sustainable development
- Focus: fight environmental damage, poverty, disease
- Promotes global cooperation
- Local bodies to prepare Local Agenda 21
RESOURCE PLANNING
Need: Judicious use of diverse resources across India.
Imbalance Examples:
- Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, MP – mineral-rich.
- Arunachal – water-rich, lacks infrastructure.
- Rajasthan – solar/wind-rich, lacks water.
- Ladakh – culturally rich, lacks water, minerals, infrastructure.
- Levels: National, state, regional, local.
RESOURCE PLANNING IN INDIA
Process:
1. Identification & inventory – survey, mapping, estimation.
2. Planning structure – tech, skills, institutions.
3. Integration – align with national plans.
Since: 1st Five Year Plan (post-independence).
Key Point: Resources + tech + institutions = development.
Examples:
Resource-rich but backward (e.g., Jharkhand).
Resource-poor but developed (e.g., Punjab, Gujarat).
Colonial Experience: Resource exploitation due to advanced tech.
CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES
Need: Prevent socio-economic & environmental issues.
Gandhiji: "Enough for need, not greed", anti-mass production.
Global Efforts:
1968 – Club of Rome.
1974 – Schumacher, Small is Beautiful.
1987 – Brundtland Report, Our Common Future.
1992 – Earth Summit, Rio.
LAND RESOURCES
1. Importance of Land
- Basic natural resource.
- Supports: vegetation, wildlife, humans, economy, transport, communication.
- Finite resource – needs careful planning.
2. India’s Relief Features
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3. LAND UTILISATION
Land used for:
1. Forests2. Not for cultivation
- Barren/waste land
- Non-agri use (buildings, roads, factories)
3. Other uncultivated
- Pastures & grazing
- Misc. tree crops (not sown area)
- Culturable waste (left >5 yrs)
4. Fallow land
- Current fallow: ≤1 yr
- Other fallow: 1–5 yrs
5. Net Sown Area (NSA)
- Area with crops sown & harvested
- Gross Cropped Area = NSA + area sown more than once
4. LAND USE PATTERN IN INDIA
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Influenced by:
- Physical: topography, climate, soil
- Human: population, tech, culture
Land data available: 93% only
- NE states (except Assam), parts of J&K not fully surveyed
5. Key Facts
- NSA highest: Punjab, Haryana (>80%)
- NSA lowest: Arunachal, Mizoram, Manipur, A&N Islands (<10%)
- Forest cover: Less than desired 33% (as per 1952 policy)
- Waste land: Rocky, arid, desert
- Non-agri use: Roads, railways, industry
- Concern: Land degradation due to overuse and poor conservation.
LAND DEGRADATION & CONSERVATION MEASURES
Importance:
- Land meets 95% of food, shelter, clothing needs.
- Shared with past & future generations.
Causes of Land Degradation:
1. Deforestation
2. Overgrazing – Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP, Maharashtra
3. Mining & Quarrying – Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, MP, Odisha
4. Over-irrigation – Punjab, Haryana, W. UP → waterlogging, salinity
5. Industrial Dust – Cement & ceramic industries block infiltration
6. Industrial Effluents – Land & water pollution
Conservation Measures:
- Afforestation
- Grazing management
- Shelter belts, thorny bushes
- Sand dune stabilization
- Waste land management
- Regulate mining
- Treat & dispose industrial waste properly.
SOIL AS A RESOURCE
- Renewable natural resource
- Medium for plant growth
- Supports life
- Living system
- Relief
- Parent rock/bedrock
- Climate
- Vegetation & life forms
- Time
- Temp. changes
- Running water
- Wind
- Glaciers
- Decomposers
- Chemical & organic changes
- Organic (humus)
- Inorganic materials
- Formation factors
- Colour
- Thickness
- Texture
- Age
- Chemical & physical properties
- Due to varied relief, landforms, climate, vegetation
SOIL AS A RESOURCE
Importance:
- Renewable natural resource
- Medium for plant growth
- Supports life
- Living system
Formation Factors:
- Relief
- Parent rock/bedrock
- Climate
- Vegetation & life forms
- Time
Natural Forces:
- Temp. changes
- Running water
- Wind
- Glaciers
- Decomposers
- Chemical & organic changes
Composition:
- Organic (humus)
- Inorganic materials
Classification Basis:
- Formation factors
- Colour
- Thickness
- Texture
- Age
- Chemical & physical properties
India's Soil Diversity:
- Due to varied relief, landforms, climate, vegetation.
Classification of Soils (India)
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1. Alluvial Soil:
- Most widespread; Northern plains, coastal deltas.
- Formed by Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra rivers.
- Sand, silt, clay; coarse near river slopes.
Types:
- Khadar (new, fertile, fine).
- Bangar (old, less fertile, kankar-rich).
- Rich in potash, lime; ideal for wheat, paddy, sugarcane.
- Alkaline in dry areas, cultivable after treatment.
2. Black Soil (Regur):
- Black, clayey, moisture-retentive.
- Found in Deccan trap (lava regions): Maharashtra, MP, Chhattisgarh.
- Rich in CaCO₃, Mg, potash, lime; poor in phosphorus.
- Cracks in summer aid aeration; sticky when wet.
- Ideal for cotton.
3. Red & Yellow Soil:
- From igneous rocks; found in Deccan, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, piedmont of Western Ghats.
- Red due to iron diffusion; yellow when hydrated.
4. Laterite Soil:
- Formed in hot, wet climates with leaching.
- Acidic, nutrient-poor; prone to erosion.
- Found in: Karnataka, Kerala, TN, Maharashtra, Odisha.
- Good for tea, coffee, cashew (with treatment).
5. Arid Soil:
- Sandy, saline, red to brown.
- Found in Rajasthan.
- Low humus; kankar layers hinder water.
- Cultivable with irrigation.
6. Forest Soil:
- Hilly, mountainous areas with rainforests.
- Texture: loamy/silty in valleys, coarse on slopes.
- Acidic, low humus in snowy areas.
- Fertile in river terraces/alluvial fans.
Soil Erosion and Conservation
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Soil Erosion: Removal of topsoil by natural/human forces.
Causes:
- Human: Deforestation, over-grazing, construction, mining, wrong farming methods.
- Natural: Wind, water, glaciers.
Types of Erosion:
- Gully Erosion: Deep channels (e.g., ravines in Chambal).
- Sheet Erosion: Surface soil washed away.
- Wind Erosion: Blowing off loose soil.
Faulty Farming:
- Ploughing up/down slope causes erosion.
Conservation Methods:
- Contour Ploughing: Along contour lines to slow water.
- Terrace Farming: Steps on slopes (common in Himalayas).
- Strip Cropping: Grass strips between crops to break wind.
- Shelter Belts: Tree rows to stop wind, stabilize dunes (used in western India).
NCERT SOLUTIONS
1. Multiple choice questions.
(i) Which one of the following types of resource is iron ore?
(a) Renewable
(b) Biotic
(c) Flow
(d) Non-renewable
Answer: Non-renewable
(ii) Under which of the following types of resources can tidal energy not be put?
(a) Replenishable
(b) Human-made
(c) Abiotic
(d) Non-recyclable
Answer: Replenishable
(iii) Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
(a) Intensive cultivation
(b) Deforestation
(c) Over-irrigation
(d) Overgrazing
Answer: Over-irrigation
v) In which of the following states is black soil predominantly found?
(a) Jammu and Kashmir
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Jharkhand
Answer: Maharashtra
2. Answer in about 30 words
(i) Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.
Ans:
- M.P., Maharashtra & Gujarat have black soil. Main crop = Cotton.
(ii) What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.
Ans:
- Alluvial soil found in deltas.
- Very fertile
- Rich in potash, lime, phosphates
- Good for paddy & sugarcane
(iii) What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas?
Ans:
- Strip cropping: grow grass strips between crops
- Contour ploughing: plough along slopes
- Terrace farming: step farming on hills
(iv) What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some examples.
Ans:
- Biotic (living): plants, animals, humans
- Abiotic (non-living): water, minerals, air, sunlight
3. Answer in about 120 words
(i) Explain the land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61.
Ans:
- Land use in India = agriculture > forests > non-agri use.
- Forests should be 33%, but still low.
- Net sown area = high in Punjab, low in NE states.
- Issues:
- Population ↑ → more farming, houses
- Urbanisation & industries → cut forests
- Dams, mining → land cleared
- Shifting cultivation, illegal cutting
- Poor policy action & monitoring
(ii) How has technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?
Ans:
- Tech growth → easy resource use
- Factories → large-scale use
- Better health → more population
- More people = more demand
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Literally Awesome. All thing just in one frame💌💌
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