NATIONALISM IN INDIA
HISTORY
CLASS X
Welcome to UnpackingHumanity!
Nationalism is a strong love and loyalty towards one's own country. It involves feeling proud of the nation's identity, history, and shared values, often leading to a sense of unity among its people.
**Example:**
- **Independence Movement:** During India's struggle for independence, the strong desire for freedom and unity against colonial rule showcased Indian nationalism, with people working together for a common goal.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK)📚
**1. What does nationalism involve, based on the provided description?**
- A. Intense rivalry with other nations
- B. A strong love and loyalty towards one's own country
- C. Disregard for the nation's identity and history
- D. Promotion of colonial rule
**2. What is the example mentioned to illustrate nationalism?**
- A. Industrial Revolution
- B. Civil Rights Movement
- C. Independence Movement in India
- D. Cold War tensions
*Answers:*
1. B. A strong love and loyalty towards one's own country
2. C. Independence Movement in India
**Impact of First World War on India:**
1. **Economic Changes:**
- **Income Tax Introduction:** New taxes burdened common people.
- **Custom Duties Hike:** Prices doubled, worsening the economic situation.
2. **Agricultural Challenges:**
- **Crop Failure (1918-19):** Crop failures led to food shortages.
- **Influenza Epidemic:** Added to the difficulties faced by the population.
3. **Emergence of New Leadership:**
- **Response to Crisis:** New leader proposed a fresh approach to struggle.
- **Gandhi's Influence:** Mahatma Gandhi played a pivotal role in uniting diverse groups against colonialism.
This period marked economic hardships, agricultural struggles, and the rise of new leadership, setting the stage for a shift in the anti-colonial movement in India.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK)📚
**1. What economic changes occurred during this period?**
- A. Decrease in income tax
- B. Introduction of new taxes
- C. Lowering of custom duties
- D. Economic prosperity
**2. What role did Mahatma Gandhi play during this time?**
- A. Supporter of colonial rule
- B. Pivotal leader against colonialism
- C. Advocate for higher custom duties
- D. Initiator of economic reforms
*Answers:*
1. B. Introduction of new taxes
2. B. Pivotal leader against colonialism
**Satyagraha by Mahatma Gandhi:**
1. **Return to India (1915):**
- Gandhi returned from South Africa.
- Introduced the concept of Satyagraha.
2. **Principles of Satyagraha:**
- Emphasized the power of truth.
- Advocated the search for truth.
3. **Champaran Movement (1917):**
- Traveled to Bihar to inspire peasants.
- Fought against oppressive plantation systems.
4. **Kheda Satyagraha (1918):**
- Organized satyagraha to support peasants in Gujarat.
5. **Ahmedabad Cotton Mill Workers (1918):**
- Extended Satyagraha to organize mill workers.
- Advocated non-violence as a powerful force.
Mahatma Gandhi's Satyagraha was rooted in truth and non-violence, aiming to unite Indians against oppression and injustice.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK)📚
**1. What concept did Gandhi introduce upon his return to India in 1915?**
- A. Non-Cooperation
- B. Satyagraha
- C. Swaraj
- D. Civil Disobedience
**2. Where did Gandhi travel to in 1917 to inspire peasants and fight against oppressive plantation systems?**
- A. Mumbai
- B. Delhi
- C. Champaran
- D. Kolkata
**3. What was the focus of the Kheda Satyagraha organized by Gandhi in 1917?**
- A. Peasant rights in Bihar
- B. Opposition against colonial rule
- C. Support for mill workers in Ahmedabad
- D. Protest against oppressive plantation systems
*Answers:*
1. B. Satyagraha
2. C. Champaran
3. A. Peasant rights in Bihar
**Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh:**
1. **Rowlatt Act (1919):**
- Gandhi protested against the Rowlatt Act.
- Act gave repressive powers to the government.
- Allowed detention without trial for two years.
2. **Amritsar Violence (April 1919):**
- April 10: Police fired on a peaceful procession in Amritsar.
- Martial law imposed, General Dyer took command.
3. **Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919):**
- Large crowd gathered in Jallianwala Bagh.
- General Dyer blocked exits, opened fire, killing hundreds.
4. **Aftermath and Public Outrage:**
- Furious public response: strikes, clashes, attacks on buildings.
- Gandhi called off movement due to escalating violence.
5. **Khilafat Movement (1920):**
- Gandhi shifted focus to Khilafat issue.
- Formed Khilafat Committee, brought Hindus and Muslims together.
- Non-cooperation movement launched in September 1920 for Khilafat and Swaraj.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK)📚
**1. What were the consequences of the Rowlatt Act mentioned in the passage?**
- A. Peaceful protests
- B. Government repression
- C. Release of political detainees
- D. Judicial reforms
**2. What event triggered public outrage and strikes, leading to the end of the movement according to the passage?**
- A. Khilafat Movement
- B. Amritsar Violence
- C. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
- D. Implementation of Rowlatt Act
*Answers:*
1. B. Government repression
2. C. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
**Why Non-Cooperation?**
1. **Background:**
- **Gandhi's Perspective:** British rule was sustained through Indian cooperation.
- **Recognition:** Indians played key roles in the functioning of the British administration.
2. **Stages of Non-Cooperation Movement:**
- **Step 1:** Surrendering titles bestowed by the government.
- **Step 2:** Boycotting civil services, army, police, courts, legislative councils.
- **Step 3:** Extending the boycott to schools and foreign goods.
3. **Rationale:**
- **Symbolic Resistance:** Surrendering titles signified a symbolic rejection of British honors.
- **Economic Boycott:** Boycotting government services and foreign goods aimed at hitting British economic interests in India.
- **Educational Boycott:** Targeting schools aimed at undermining British influence in education.
4. **Challenges and Campaigning:**
- **Debates:** Supporters and opponents engaged in intense debates about the movement's viability.
- **Obstacles:** Initial challenges in gaining widespread support and convincing the masses.
5. **Adoption of Non-Cooperation (December 1920):**
- **Decision:** After overcoming hurdles, the Non-Cooperation Movement was officially adopted.
- **Unified Effort:** Marked a unified effort by Indians to resist British rule through non-cooperation.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK)📚
**1. What was the significance of surrendering titles as part of the Non-Cooperation Movement?**
- A. Symbolic rejection of British honors
- B. Increase in British honors
- C. Embracing British titles
- D. Gaining recognition from the British government
**2. Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement extend its boycott to schools and foreign goods?**
- A. To enhance British economic interests
- B. To strengthen British influence in education
- C. As a symbolic resistance against foreign goods
- D. To promote British administration
*Answers:*
1. A. Symbolic rejection of British honors
2. C. As a symbolic resistance against foreign goods
**Differing Strands within the Movement**
1. **Onset:**
- **Start Date:** January 1921.
- **Participants:** Diverse social groups engaged in the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement.
2. **Varied Interpretations:**
- **Diverse Perspectives:** The term "Non-Cooperation-Khilafat" carried different meanings for different participants.
- **Individual Significance:** People associated with the movement based on their personal interpretations.
3. **Khilafat Movement:**
- **Concern:** Originated from concerns about the fate of the Ottoman Caliphate after World War I.
- **Unity:** Aimed at uniting Hindus and Muslims in a common cause.
4. **Non-Cooperation:**
- **Boycott Initiatives:** Included surrendering titles, boycotting services, goods, and educational institutions.
- **Symbol of Resistance:** Represented a collective resistance against British rule.
5. **Social Groups:**
- **Diversity:** Participants represented a diverse range of social, cultural, and religious backgrounds.
- **Unique Interpretations:** Each group contributed to the movement with its unique interpretation and objectives.
6. **Unity in Diversity:**
- **Shared Cause:** Despite differing interpretations, the movement found unity in the shared objective of opposing British rule and addressing Khilafat concerns.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK)📚
**1. What was the goal of the Khilafat Movement within the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement?**
- A. To strengthen British rule
- B. To address concerns about the Ottoman Caliphate
- C. To support British administration
- D. To surrender titles to the British government
**2. How did social groups contribute to the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement?**
- A. By promoting British rule
- B. Through diverse interpretations and unique objectives
- C. By boycotting Indian services
- D. By surrendering titles to the British authorities
*Answers:*
1. B. To address concerns about the Ottoman Caliphate
2. B. Through diverse interpretations and unique objectives
**The Movement in the Towns**
1. **Initiators:**
- **Instigators:** Launched by the middle class.
- **Participants:** Involved thousands of students, teachers, and lawyers.
2. **Educational Boycott:**
- **Abandonment:** Many students, teachers, and headmasters left government-controlled schools and colleges.
- **Symbolic Protest:** A significant protest through withdrawal from educational institutions.
3. **Legal Profession Participation:**
- **Lawyers' Boycott:** Lawyers gave up their legal practices as a form of non-cooperation.
- **Impact:** Highlighted the legal community's resistance against British rule.
4. **Economic Impact:**
- **Textile Production:** Indian textile mills and handloom production increased.
- **Boycott of Foreign Goods:** Rise in production linked to the boycott of foreign goods.
5. **Challenges and Slowdown:**
- **Khadi Challenges:** Challenges emerged as Khadi clothes were relatively expensive.
- **Limited Alternatives:** Fewer Indian institutions made it challenging for students and teachers to sustain the boycott.
- **Return to Status Quo:** Some participants returned to government schools, and lawyers resumed their practice in government courts.
6. **Dynamic Progression:**
- **Dynamic Nature:** The movement witnessed shifts and slowdowns due to various challenges.
- **Economic Gains:** Despite challenges, there were notable economic gains from the boycott of foreign goods.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK)📚
**1. Who were the primary initiators of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement?**
- A. Farmers and laborers
- B. The working class
- C. The middle class
- D. Foreign merchants
**2. What was the symbolic protest undertaken during the Educational Boycott?**
- A. Abandoning textile production
- B. Withdrawal from educational institutions
- C. Boycotting foreign goods
- D. Participating in legal practices
**3. What challenges did the movement face, particularly related to Khadi?**
- A. High demand for Khadi clothes
- B. Limited availability of Khadi
- C. Low production of Khadi
- D. Khadi clothes being relatively inexpensive
*Answers:*
1. C. The middle class
2. B. Withdrawal from educational institutions
3. B. Limited availability of Khadi
**Rebellion in the Countryside**
1. **Spread of Non-Cooperation to Villages:**
- **Peasant and Tribal Participation:** Non-Cooperation Movement extended to rural areas involving peasants and tribals.
- **Grievances:** Rural discontent against talukdars and landlords demanding high rents and additional cesses.
2. **Peasant Movement Objectives:**
- **Demand Reduction of Revenue:** Peasants demanded a reduction in revenue.
- **Abolition of Begr:** Call for the abolition of begar (forced labor).
- **Social Boycott:** Advocated a social boycott of oppressive landlords.
3. **Leadership and Organization:**
- **Leadership by Jawaharlal Nehru:** Nehru traveled to Awadh villages in June 1920 to understand grievances.
- **Formation of Oudh Kisan Sabha:** Nehru and others established the Oudh Kisan Sabha in October 1920.
- **Rapid Expansion:** Within a month, the Sabha had 300 branches.
4. **Escalation of Peasant Movement (1921):**
- **Attacks on Landlords:** Peasant movement intensified with attacks on talukdars' and merchants' houses.
- **Bazaar Looting:** Incidents of looting in bazaars.
- **Grain Board Takeovers:** Peasants took control of grain boards.
5. **Guerrilla Movement in Andhra Pradesh:**
- **Gudem Hills Rebellion:** Militant guerrilla movement in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh.
- **Forest Area Closures:** Government's closure of forest areas impacted livelihoods.
- **Leadership by Alluri Sitaram Raju:** Rebellion led by Raju, who claimed special powers.
6. **Diverse Grievances and Responses:**
- **Economic Grievances:** Peasants responded to economic injustices, demanding relief from oppressive practices.
- **Localized Rebellions:** Various regions experienced localized rebellions against specific grievances.
- **Emergence of Leaders:** Leaders like Nehru and Raju played crucial roles in organizing and leading the movements.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK)📚
**1. Who played a key role in the leadership of the Oudh Kisan Sabha during the Non-Cooperation Movement?**
- A. Mahatma Gandhi
- B. Jawaharlal Nehru
- C. Alluri Sitaram Raju
- D. Subhas Chandra Bose
**2. What were the objectives of the Peasant Movement during the Non-Cooperation Movement?**
- A. Increase in revenue
- B. Expansion of forced labor (begar)
- C. Reduction of revenue and abolition of begar
- D. Support for landlords
**3. What characterized the Gudem Hills Rebellion in Andhra Pradesh?**
- A. Peaceful protests in urban areas
- B. Militant guerrilla movement
- C. Advocacy for increased forest closures
- D. Leadership by Mahatma Gandhi
*Answers:*
1. B. Jawaharlal Nehru
2. C. Reduction of revenue and abolition of begar
3. B. Militant guerrilla movement
**Swaraj in the Plantations**
1. **Freedom for Plantation Workers:**
- **Definition of Freedom:** For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out and maintain a connection with their native villages.
- **Restrictions Under the Inland Emigration Act:** The Inland Emigration Act of 1859 restricted plantation workers from leaving tea gardens without permission.
2. **Impact of Non-Cooperation Movement:**
- **Workers' Response:** Upon learning about the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of plantation workers decided to leave the plantations and return home.
- **Attempted Journey Home:** Workers embarked on a journey homeward to reunite with their families and villages.
3. **Obstacles and Repression:**
- **Police Intervention:** Unfortunately, the workers were intercepted by the police before reaching their destination.
- **Brutal Consequences:** Police subjected the workers to brutal beatings, preventing them from continuing their journey.
4. **Challenges Faced by Plantation Workers:**
- **Legal Restrictions:** The Inland Emigration Act imposed legal constraints on the movement of plantation workers.
- **Desire for Autonomy:** Plantation workers aspired for autonomy and the right to decide their movements.
5. **Symbolic Quest for Swaraj:**
- **Link to Non-Cooperation Movement:** The workers' attempt to return home symbolized their quest for Swaraj and a desire to break free from oppressive regulations.
- **Struggle for Rights:** The incident highlighted the struggles of plantation workers in asserting their rights and seeking freedom.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK)📚
**1. What did freedom mean for plantation workers in Assam during the Non-Cooperation Movement?**
- A. Right to join political movements
- B. Right to move freely and connect with native villages
- C. Permission to start independent businesses
- D. Right to vote in elections
**2. What legal restrictions did plantation workers face under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859?**
- A. Restriction on forming trade unions
- B. Restriction on leaving tea gardens without permission
- C. Restriction on practicing their native culture
- D. Restriction on participating in political rallies
*Answers:*
1. B. Right to move freely and connect with native villages
2. B. Restriction on leaving tea gardens without permission
**Towards Civil Disobedience**
1. **Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement (1922):**
- **Reasons for Withdrawal:** Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922 due to rising violence within the movement.
- **Leadership Concerns:** Some leaders, including CR Das and Motilal Nehru, favored participating in elections to provincial councils.
2. **Formation of Swaraj Party (1923):**
- **Founders:** CR Das and Motilal Nehru founded the Swaraj Party as a political entity.
- **Political Engagement:** The party aimed to engage in the political process within the constitutional framework.
3. **Factors Shaping Indian Politics (Late 1920s):**
- **Worldwide Economic Depression:** The global economic downturn in the late 1920s impacted Indian politics.
- **Agricultural Crisis:** Falling agricultural prices added to the challenges faced by Indian farmers.
4. **Simon Commission (1928):**
- **Purpose:** The Simon Commission was set up to review the functioning of the constitutional system in India and propose changes.
- **Protest:** In 1928, the arrival of the Simon Commission was met with protests, with the slogan 'Go back, Simon.'
5. **Demand for Purna Swaraj (1929):**
- **Lahore Congress (December 1929):** Under Jawaharlal Nehru's presidency, the Lahore Congress formalized the demand for 'Purna Swaraj' or full independence.
- **Independence Day Declaration:** January 26, 1930, was declared as Independence Day to symbolize the demand for complete autonomy.
6. **Shift towards Civil Disobedience:**
- **Evolution of Strategies:** The move towards Civil Disobedience represented a shift in the approach to the struggle for independence.
- **Growing Momentum:** The demand for Purna Swaraj marked the beginning of more intense and direct forms of protest against British rule.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK)📚
**1. Why did Mahatma Gandhi withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922?**
- A. Lack of public support
- B. Rising violence within the movement
- C. Government repression
- D. Leadership disputes
**2. What was the purpose of the Simon Commission (1928)?**
- A. Reviewing the economic situation in India
- B. Proposing changes to the Indian constitution
- C. Investigating the Non-Cooperation Movement
- D. Implementing land reforms
*Answers:*
1. B. Rising violence within the movement
2. B. Proposing changes to the Indian constitution
**The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement**
1. **Eleven Demands (January 31, 1930):**
- **Letter to Viceroy Irwin:** Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter with eleven demands to Viceroy Irwin.
- **Prominent Demand:** Most significant demand was the abolition of the salt tax, affecting both rich and poor.
2. **Ultimatum and the Salt March:**
- **Deadline for Demands:** Demands were to be met by March 11, 1930, or else Congress would launch civil disobedience.
- **Salt March Commencement:** On March 12, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi, with 78 volunteers, initiated the Salt March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi.
- **Symbolic Act:** Gandhi's ceremonial violation of the salt law at Dandi marked the commencement of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
3. **Spread of Civil Disobedience:**
- **Nationwide Impact:** Civil Disobedience Movement spread throughout the country.
- **Boycotts and Violations:** Boycott of foreign clothes, refusal to pay revenue by peasants, and violations of forest laws were widespread.
4. **Arrests and Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931):**
- **Arrests of Leaders:** Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Mahatma Gandhi were arrested in April 1930.
- **Gandhi-Irwin Pact:** In March 1931, Gandhi and Irwin reached an agreement, leading to the suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
- **Conditions:** Gandhi agreed to participate in a Round Table Conference in London.
5. **Round Table Conference and Return:**
- **Breakdown of Conference:** After the conference breakdown, Gandhi returned to India disappointed.
- **Revival of Civil Disobedience:** Disillusioned, Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement.
6. **Movement's Conclusion (1934):**
- **Loss of Momentum:** By 1934, the movement lost its earlier momentum.
- **Long Duration:** The Civil Disobedience Movement continued for almost a year but gradually waned.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK)📚
**1. What was the most significant demand in Mahatma Gandhi's letter to Viceroy Irwin during the Civil Disobedience Movement?**
- A. Abolition of the salt tax
- B. Independence declaration
- C. Removal of foreign goods
- D. Withdrawal of British officials
**2. What marked the commencement of the Civil Disobedience Movement during the Salt March?**
- A. Ceremonial violation of the textile law
- B. Refusal to pay taxes by peasants
- C. Boycott of foreign goods
- D. Ceremonial violation of the salt law at Dandi
**3. When did Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Irwin reach an agreement known as the Gandhi-Irwin Pact?**
- A. 1930
- B. 1931
- C. 1932
- D. 1933
*Answers:*
1. A. Abolition of the salt tax
2. D. Ceremonial violation of the salt law at Dandi
3. B. 1931
**How Participants Saw the Movement**
1. **Patidars and Jats Participation:**
- **Active Support:** Patidars in Gujarat and Jats in Uttar Pradesh were active participants in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
- **Enthusiastic Supporters:** They initially supported the movement fervently.
2. **Disappointment and Non-Participation (1931):**
- **Disappointment and Refusal:** Patidars and Jats were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931.
- **Refusal to Participate:** Many of them refused to participate when the movement was restarted in 1932.
3. **Peasants' Response and Radical Movements:**
- **Poor Peasants' Response:** Poorer peasants joined various radical movements, often led by Socialists and Communists.
- **Shift in Allegiance:** Disillusionment led them to shift their allegiance from the Civil Disobedience Movement.
4. **Business Interests and Industrial Workers:**
- **Formation of Business Bodies:** Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress (1920) and FICCI (1927) were formed to represent business interests.
- **Initial Industrialist Support:** Industrialists initially attacked colonial economic control and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement.
- **Worker Participation:** In 1930 and 1932, railway workers and dock workers participated through strikes.
5. **Women's Participation:**
- **Large-Scale Involvement:** The Civil Disobedience Movement witnessed significant participation from women.
- **Congress Reluctance:** Congress hesitated to grant women authoritative positions within the organization for an extended period.
*Note: The narrative presents a nuanced perspective on the diverse reactions and participation of various groups during the Civil Disobedience Movement.*
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK)📚
**1. Which groups, initially enthusiastic about the Civil Disobedience Movement, became disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931?**
- A. Business interests and industrial workers
- B. Patidars in Gujarat and Jats in Uttar Pradesh
- C. Peasants in radical movements
- D. Railway workers and dock workers
**2. What led poorer peasants to shift their allegiance from the Civil Disobedience Movement?**
- A. Congress reluctance
- B. Disillusionment
- C. Formation of business bodies
- D. Industrialist support
**3. Which significant groups participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement through strikes in 1930 and 1932?**
- A. Peasants in radical movements
- B. Business interests and industrial workers
- C. Women activists
- D. Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress
*Answers:*
1. B. Patidars in Gujarat and Jats in Uttar Pradesh
2. B. Disillusionment
3. B. Business interests and industrial workers
**Limits of Civil Disobedience: Dalits and Communal Tensions**
1. **Dalit Discontent:**
- **Swaraj Not Appealing:** Dalits, also known as untouchables, were not swayed by the idea of Swaraj.
- **Alternative Political Solution:** They sought a different political solution for their community issues.
- **Demands:** Reserved seats in educational institutions and a separate electorate were among their key demands.
2. **Mahatma Gandhi's Efforts:**
- **Harijans or Children of God:** Mahatma Gandhi referred to Dalits as Harijans, emphasizing their importance in achieving Swaraj.
- **Satyagraha for Untouchables:** Mahatma Gandhi organized satyagraha movements for the upliftment of untouchables.
3. **Ambedkar's Stand:**
- **Dalit Leadership:** Dr B.R. Ambedkar organized Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930.
- **Separate Electorates Demand:** Ambedkar clashed with Gandhi at the Round Table Conference, demanding separate electorates for Dalits.
4. **Poona Pact (1932):**
- **Reserved Seats:** The Poona Pact granted reserved seats for Depressed Classes (Scheduled Castes) in legislative councils.
- **Compromise:** It marked a compromise between Gandhi and Ambedkar on the issue of separate electorates.
5. **Muslim Alienation:**
- **Post Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement:** After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, Muslims felt alienated from Congress.
- **Communal Tensions:** Relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened during this period.
6. **Jinnah's Proposal (1928):**
- **Assurances for Muslims:** Muhammad Ali Jinnah was open to abandoning separate electorates if Muslims received reserved seats in the Central Assembly and proportional representation in Muslim-majority provinces.
- **Hindu Mahasabha Opposition:** M.R. Jayakar's strong opposition hindered compromise efforts at the All Parties Conference in 1928.
*Note: The narrative highlights the complexities involving Dalit concerns, communal tensions, and political negotiations during this period.*
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK)📚
**1. What were the key demands of Dalits during this period?**
- A. Reserved seats in educational institutions
- B. Separate electorates
- C. Both A and B
- D. Swaraj for their community
**2. Who referred to Dalits as Harijans, emphasizing their significance in achieving Swaraj?**
- A. Dr B.R. Ambedkar
- B. M.R. Jayakar
- C. Muhammad Ali Jinnah
- D. Mahatma Gandhi
**3. What marked a compromise between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr B.R. Ambedkar regarding the political representation of Dalits?**
- A. Poona Pact
- B. Non-Cooperation Movement
- C. Depressed Classes Association
- D. Round Table Conference
*Answers:*
1. C. Both A and B
2. D. Mahatma Gandhi
3. A. Poona Pact
**The Evolution of Nationalism in India**
1. **Role of Various Elements:**
- **History and Fiction:** Narratives of history and fictional works contributed to fostering a sense of nationalism.
- **Folklore and Songs:** Folk tales, songs, and legends recorded by nationalists played a crucial role.
2. **Bharat Mata Symbolism:**
- **Creation:** Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay introduced the image of Bharat Mata.
- **'Vande Mataram':** Written as a hymn to the motherland in the 1870s.
3. **Abanindranath Tagore's Art:**
- **Portrayal of Bharat Mata:** Abanindranath Tagore painted Bharat Mata as an ascetic figure.
- **Attributes:** Calm, composed, divine, and spiritual depiction.
4. **Folk Traditions Recording:**
- **Nationalists' Initiative:** Nationalists recorded folk tales sung by bards and gathered folk songs and legends.
- **Swadeshi Movement:** Initiated during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal.
5. **Symbolism in Flags:**
- **Tricolour Flag (Swadeshi Movement):** Designed with red, green, and yellow representing eight provinces and a crescent moon for Hindus and Muslims.
- **Swaraj Flag (1921):** Designed by Gandhiji, featuring red, green, and white with a central spinning wheel symbolizing self-help.
*Note: The diverse elements of history, art, folklore, and symbolism played a pivotal role in shaping the sense of nationalism in India.*
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK)📚
**1. Who introduced the image of Bharat Mata, and when was the hymn 'Vande Mataram' written?**
- A. Rabindranath Tagore in the 1920s
- B. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in the 1870s
- C. Abanindranath Tagore during the Swadeshi movement
- D. Mahatma Gandhi in the 1930s
**2. How did Abanindranath Tagore portray Bharat Mata in his art?**
- A. As a warrior goddess
- B. As a political leader
- C. As an ascetic figure
- D. As a modern woman
**3. What did the tricolour flag designed during the Swadeshi movement symbolize?**
- A. Unity among diverse provinces
- B. Religious harmony
- C. Eight points of the nationalist agenda
- D. Hindu-Muslim cooperation
*Answers:*
1. B. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in the 1870s
2. C. As an ascetic figure
3. A. Unity among diverse provinces
NATIONALISM IN INDIA
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The Kheda Satyagraha of 1918 was a satyagraha
ReplyDeleteThank you❤ Avanish. I have updated it.
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