🗺️ HISTORY 📜
* Ancient Agriculture 🌾
* 9000+ years in Indian subcontinent.
* Earliest evidence: Mehrgarh, Baluchistan (Pakistan) 🇵🇰 (Wheat & Barley remains).
* Before Indus Valley Civilization.
* Vedic Period 🗣️
* "Nishka" in Rig Vedic texts: Gold coin 🪙 or neck ornament 📿.
* Worn by men & women.
* Later Vedic Period ➡️
* Satapatha Brahmana: Aryans expanded to Eastern Gangetic Plains.
* Growth of large kingdoms: Kuru & Panchala (Hub of Aryan culture).
* Later merged as Purus.
* Mauryan Dynasty 👑
* Earliest artificial lake: Sudarshan Lake, Girnar (Gujarat) 💧.
* Excavated by Pushyagupta (under Chandragupta Maurya).
* Improvements by Tushaspha (under Ashoka).
* Ashoka's Edicts: Carved on rocks & pillars, local dialects.
* Rummendei Inscription: Birthplace of Buddha 🙏, refers to Ashoka as 'Devanam Piyyadasi'.
* Gupta Period 🌟
* Samudragupta (succeeded Chandragupta I).
* Conquests mentioned in Allahabad Pillar Inscription (composed by Harishena).
* Known as "Napoleon of India", "Devagupta".
* Chalukya Dynasty 🛡️
* Women in administration: Queen governors & officers common.
* Examples: Piriyaketaladevi, Jogabbarasi.
* Gahadavala Dynasty 🏰
* Dharma-Chakra Jina Vihara (12th Century Monastery, Sarnath).
* Donated by Kumar Devi (Buddhist queen of Govinda Chandra, King of Kannauj).
* Mewar Kingdom 🎨
* Rana Kumbha (Sisodia clan Rajput).
* Great patron of literature & art 🎶.
* Skilled "Veena" player.
* Works: Sangeet Mimansa, Sangeet Raj, Sangeet Ratnakar.
* Built/repaired 82 of 84 forts in Mewar (e.g., Kumbhalgarh Fort ⛰️).
* Delhi Sultanate ⚔️
* Genghis Khan 🐎: Approached India (Afghanistan) during Iltutmish's reign.
* Iltutmish credited for diplomatic skill to avoid Mongol rage.
* Mughal Empire 🕌
* Raja Todar Mal: Served under Sher Shah Suri & Akbar.
* Finance officer (Mushrif-i-Diwan) in 1575, Diwan-i-kul in 1582.
* Introduced Kirori System, Dahshala System.
* Humayun & Maldeo: Maldeo invited Humayun (1541), then neutral due to Sher Shah.
* Sher Shah's victory over Maldeo: "Nearly lost the Empire of Hindustan for a handful of Bajra (Millet)." 🌾
* Sir Thomas Roe 🇬🇧: Ambassador from King James I to Jahangir (1615-1618).
* Obtained Firman for English trade at Surat 🚢.
* Aurangzeb: Learned to play Veena 🎻.
* Prince Muhammad Akbar: Rebelled against Aurangzeb, fled to Persia.
* Maratha Empire 🐴
* Bajirao Peshwa I: Succeeded at 20, tackled Nizam of Hyderabad.
* Chhatrapati's position nominal; Jagirdars (Bhonsle, Gaekwad, Holkar, Scindhia, Peshwa) gained power.
* European Powers in India 🚢
* First: Portuguese (Vasco da Gama landed at Calicut in 1498).
* British Rule & Rebellions 🇬🇧
* Indian Slavery Act, 1843 (Act V of 1843): Outlawed many slavery-related transactions.
* Maniram Dewan (Baruah): Assamese nobleman, established tea gardens, led 1857 rebellion in Assam. Hanged.
* Government of India Act 1858: British Parliament ended company rule, transferred control to British Crown (Queen Victoria 👸). Governor-General became Viceroy.
* Indian National Congress (INC) 🇮🇳
* First Session (1885): Proposed in Poona (plague) ➡️ Shifted to Bombay.
* 72 delegates at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit Pathshala.
* First President: W.C. Bonnerjee.
* Demands: Commission for administration inquiry, abolish India Council, reduce military expenditure, civil services reform.
* Devendra Nath Tagore: Started Indian Mirror newspaper (1861, English).
* Indian National Association (1876): Founded by Surendranath Banerjee & Ananda Mohan Bose. Merged with INC in 1886.
* Vernacular Press Act of 1878 (Gagging Act): By Lord Lytton, for native language newspapers. Magistrates empowered to demand bonds, seize presses. Repealed by Lord Ripon.
* Surat Session (1907): Presided by Rash Behari Ghosh. Split between Moderates and Extremists.
* Indian Home Rule Society (IHRS): Founded in London (1905) by Shyamji Krishna Varma (supported by Bhikaji Cama, Dadabhai Naoroji, S.R. Rana).
* Trade Union Movement ✊
* First registered trade union: Madras Labour Union (1918) by B.P. Wadia.
* First federation: All India Trade Union Congress (1920).
* N.M. Joshi: Influential in Trade Unions Act of 1926.
* Gandhian Era 🕊️
* Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919): Shankaran Nair resigned from Viceroy's Executive Council in protest.
* Champaran Satyagraha (1917): In Bihar, against "teenkathia" indigo system. First Satyagraha by Gandhi in India.
* N.G. Ranga opposed it. Rabindranath Tagore called Gandhi "Mahatma" after its success.
* Revolutionary Movements 🔥
* Ghadar Journal: Published in Urdu (1913), then English, Punjabi, Marathi, Pashto.
* Ghadar Party HQ: San Francisco. Founders: Sohan Singh Bhakna, Lala Hardayal.
* "Bandi Jiwan": Book by Sachindra Sanyal (wrote in Cellular Jail).
* Chandra Shekhar Azad: Died Feb 27, 1931, shot himself in Alfred Park, Allahabad to evade arrest.
* Gandhi-Irwin Pact: Signed March 5, 1931 (before Second Round Table Conference).
* Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev: Hanged March 23, 1931 (Lahore Conspiracy Case).
* Karachi Congress Session (1931): Presided by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Endorsed Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
* Towards Independence 🎯
* Home Rule League: Started by Annie Besant (August 1, 1916).
* Lahore Session (1929): Under Jawaharlal Nehru. Declared "Purna Swaraj" (complete independence) as INC goal.
* Purna Swaraj Diwas: Declared Jan 26, 1930.
* Lucknow Pact (1916): Signed between Congress & Muslim League, and Moderates & Extremists reunited. Presided by Ambika Charan Majumdar.
* Government of India Act 1935: Jawaharlal Nehru called it "a machine with strong brakes but no engine," "child of slavery." Jinnah condemned it.
* Radical Democratic Party (RDP): Founded by M.N. Roy (1939), supported Allies in WWII.
* Individual Satyagraha (1940): Started by Gandhi. First Satyagrahi: Acharya Vinoba Bhave. Second: Jawaharlal Nehru.
* Lord Linlithgow: Longest reign as Viceroy (1936-1944). Called Gandhiji's movements "political blackmail."
* Direct Action Day (August 16, 1946): Calcutta Killings, widespread communal rioting.
* Dalai Lama: Fled Tibet to India (Tezpur, Assam) on March 30, 1959.
* Annexation of Goa: Indian Armed Forces action in December 1961 ("Liberation of Goa").
* Ancient Indian Art & Architecture 🏛️
* Mahabalipuram Ratha Cave Temples: Built by Pallava King Narsimha (7th-8th centuries).
* Elephanta Caves: Western India, mid-5th to 6th centuries AD. Originally Buddhist, later Shaivite. Prominent: 20 ft Trimurti of Shiva.
* Kailash Temple (Ellora): Monolithic, rock-cut architecture.
* Hampi: Capital of Vijayanagara Kingdom (14th-16th century CE), on Tungabhadra basin (Karnataka).
* Medieval India 📜
* Shaikh Nizamuddin Aulia Shrine: In Delhi, present structure built in 1562. Visited by all faiths. Amir Khusro buried there.
* Guru Nanak: Born April 15, 1469 (Nankana Sahib, Pakistan). First Sikh Guru, founder of Sikhism.
* Sawai Jai Singh II: Constructed five observatories (Jantar Mantar) in 18th century (Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Mathura, Varanasi).
* Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Started Ganapati Festival (1893) as a national festival to promote Swaraj. Known as "Lokmanya."
* Modern Indian Art 🖼️
* Abanidranath Tagore: Founded Indian Society of Oriental Art (Kolkata) to revive ancient art traditions.
* Indology & Oriental Studies 📚
* Sir William Jones: Founded a society for Asiatic studies in Calcutta (1784).
* Oxford University Sanskrit Chair: Established 1827 (Joseph Boden bequest). First professor: Horace Hayman Wilson.
* Sikh Empire 🦁
* Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Ruled Punjab. Known as "Sher-e-Punjab" (Lion of Punjab). Possessor of Kohinoor Diamond. Liberal towards other religions.
* Cultural Figures 🎭
* Balarama: Depicted as light-skinned (contrast to Krishna's dark skin). Ayudha (weapon): plough (hala) ➡️ Haladhar.
* Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule): Book by M.K. Gandhi (1909), expressed views on Swaraj, modern civilization. Banned by British (1910).
* Calendars 🗓️
* Saka Samvat: Started in 78 AD by King Kanishka (Kushan dynasty). Runs 78 years behind Christian calendar.
🌎 GEOGRAPHY 🏞️
* Indian Cities & Population (2011 Census) 🏙️
* 46 million-plus cities.
* Over 10 million: Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata.
* Rajkot: 1.39M, Amritsar: 1.18M, Allahabad: 1.21M, Vijayawada: 1.47M.
* Dhanbad: 2nd most populous in Jharkhand. Factors affecting population: water, resources, climate, arable land, amenities, jobs.
* Town Classification (Census of India) 🏘️
* Class I: >100,000.
* Class II: 50,000-99,999.
* Class III: 20,000-49,999.
* Class IV: 10,000-19,999.
* Class V: 5,000-9,999.
* Class VI: <5,000.
* Slums in India 🏘️
* Over 50,000 slums.
* 70% concentrated in: Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat.
* Global Geography 🌍
* Pacific Ring of Fire: Area around Pacific Ocean with many volcanoes & earthquakes. About 75% of world's dormant and active volcanoes.
* Protected Areas (IUCN): Switzerland has finest system (10% terrestrial area protected).
* Alkali Soils in India: Predominant in Indo-Gangetic plains (Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar), also Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, MP, TN. Factors: evaporation > precipitation, chemical weathering, excessive irrigation, poor drainage, coastal salinization.
* Golden Crescent: Illicit opium production in Central, South, West Asia (Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan).
* Golden Triangle: Laos, Burma (Myanmar), Thailand (drug nexus).
* Saarland (Germany): Industrialized, rich coal deposits, border with France.
* Carajas Mine (Brazil): World's largest iron ore mine.
* Donbas Region (Ukraine): Coal mining.
* Volcanoes 🌋
* Cotopaxi: Active stratovolcano in Andes, Ecuador.
* Mount Etna: Active stratovolcano on Sicily, Italy.
* Mount Aconcagua: Volcanic rocks, but not active volcano.
* Mt. Fuji: Active volcano near Tokyo, Japan.
* Capitals 🏙️
* Accra: Ghana.
* Nairobi: Kenya.
* Windhoek: Namibia.
* Rabat: Morocco.
* Abuja: Nigeria.
* Straits 🌊
* Strait of Dover: Separates England from France, connects English Channel & North Sea.
* Strait of Gibraltar: Connects Mediterranean Sea & Atlantic Ocean, separates Europe from Africa.
* Davis Strait: Between Greenland & Canada, connects Baffin Bay & Labrador Sea.
* Food Staples 🌽
* Maize (Corn): Staple food globally, used for various products.
* Ports 🚢
* Jawaharlal Nehru Port (Nhava Sheva): Largest container port in India, Maharashtra (Mumbai). Handles >50% of public port container volumes.
* Port of Alexandria (Egypt): 2nd most important city & main port in Egypt. Major international shipping center.
* South Asia 🇮🇳🇵🇰🇧🇩🇱🇰
* India: Largest & most populous in South Asia (1.276 billion, 2011). Densely populated (382 people/sq km).
* Persian Gulf Countries (Clockwise) 🇦🇪🇸🇦🇶🇦🇧🇭🇰🇼🇮🇶🇮🇷
* Iran, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq.
* Rivers in India 🌊
* Sankosh River: Rises in northern Bhutan 🇧🇹, empties into Brahmaputra in Assam. Flows on Assam-West Bengal border.
* Son River: Rises in Amarkantak Plateau. Joins Ganga near Danapur, Patna (Bihar).
* Mountain Ranges 🏔️
* Pir Panjal Range: Longest & most important in Kashmir. Extends from Jhelum to upper Beas (300 km).
* Drainage Patterns 💧
* Superimposed Drainage: River flow independent of present topography (e.g., Damodar, Subarnarekha, Chambal).
* Forests 🌳
* Tropical Deciduous Forests: Found throughout India (except W & NW). Dominated by Sal & Teak, broad trunks, tall.
* Water Projects 🏞️
* Tulbul Navigation Project: Proposed by India on River Jhelum at mouth of Wular Lake (J&K). Aims for year-round navigation.
* Dams 🚧
* Ramganga Dam (Kalagarh Dam): On Ramganga River, Uttarakhand. Located in Jim Corbett National Park.
🏛️ CIVICS ⚖️
* Lok Sabha Speaker 🧑⚖️
* Presiding officer of Lok Sabha.
* Elected after each general election.
* Pro Tem Speaker presides until elected speaker takes seat.
* Decision on Money Bill is final, cannot be questioned.
* Decides disqualification of members.
* Election Process (Uttar Pradesh) 🗳️
* Legislative Assembly: Elections every 5 years, conducted by Election Commission of India.
* Local Bodies: Conducted by Election Commission of Uttar Pradesh.
* UP Constituencies: 80 Parliamentary (Lok Sabha), 410 Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha).
💰 ECONOMICS 📈
* World Economies 🌐
* USA: Largest economy (since 1871) by GDP.
* China: 2nd largest by GDP. Largest by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).
* Japan: 3rd largest by GDP.
* Germany: 4th by GDP.
* India: 5th by GDP. 2nd largest by PPP.
* Sugar Industry in India 🍬
* Shifting from North to South:
* Higher sugar content in cane (10.5% in Maharashtra).
* Suitable climate.
* Better export facilities in South.
* More successful cooperative sugar mills in South.
* Peninsular climate extends crushing season (Oct-May/June vs. Nov-Feb in North).
* Larger mill size & capacity in South (even though UP has more mills than Maharashtra).
* Cash Crops in India 🌾
* Definition: Grown & sold for profit.
* Examples: Tea, Coffee, Rubber, Sugarcane, Jute, Cotton, Tobacco.
* Millets & Rice primarily for consumption, some rice exported.
* Rubber Production 🌳
* Kerala is leading producer (at time of exam, Bangalore was; now Kerala is, followed by Punjab, Maharashtra).
* India: 5th largest producer & one of largest consumers of natural rubber.
* Sports Goods Industry in India ⚽🏏
* Nucleus: Punjab & Uttar Pradesh.
* Jalandhar (Punjab) & Meerut (UP): Account for ~81.8% of total production.
* > 3,000 manufacturing units, 130 exporters.
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* State Bank of India (SBI) 🏦
* Indian multinational, public sector banking.
* Ranked 236 in Fortune Global 500 (2019).
* First Indian bank to open branch in China (Shanghai, 2004).
* Air India & Indian Airlines Merger ✈️
* Merged in 2007 under Air India Limited.
* New company: National Aviation Company of India Limited (now Air India Limited).
* Headquartered in Mumbai.
* Cotton Textile Industry 🧵
* Oldest & firmly established organized industry.
* First unit: Fort Gloster (near Kolkata), 1818.
* First modern mill: Bombay, 1854.
* Important centers: Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Kolkata, Nagpur.
* World Bank 💰
* Provides financial & technical assistance to developing countries.
* Established 1944. HQ: Washington D.C.
* Insider Trading 🤫
* Trading public company's stock/securities based on material non-public info.
* Illegal in various countries.
* Mixed Economy 🔄
* Blends market economies with planned economies (free markets + state intervention).
* Co-existence of socialist & capitalist features.
* Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW) 🚂
* Varanasi, UP.
* Production unit of Indian Railways.
* Manufactures diesel-electric locomotives.
* Largest diesel electric locomotive manufacturer in India.
* Invisible Export 📊
* Part of international trade without transfer of goods/tangible objects.
* Includes service sectors: banking, advertising, copyrights, insurance, consultancy.
* World Trade Organization (WTO) ⚖️
* Intergovernmental organization, deals with rules of trade between nations.
* Goal: Ensure smooth, predictable, free trade.
* > 160 members (~98% of world trade). HQ: Geneva, Switzerland.
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🧪 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 🔬
* BrahMos Missile 🚀
* Medium-range ramjet supersonic cruise missile.
* Launched from submarine, ships, aircraft, land.
* Fastest supersonic cruise missile in the world.
* Joint venture: Russia (NPO Mashinostroyeniya) & India (DRDO).
* Named after Moskva (Russia) & Brahmaputra (India) rivers.
* First test fired: 2001.
* AWACS 📡
* Airborne Warning And Control System.
* Helps Air Force detect incoming missiles & enemy aircraft.
* "Eye in the Sky," 400km range, all-weather.
* Phalcon AWACS: India's first, capable of detecting aerial threats & defending against cruise missiles.
* Heroin 💊
* Opioid drug from morphine (opium poppy seed pod).
* Grown in Southeast/Southwest Asia, Mexico, Colombia.
* White/brown powder or black tar.
* Enters brain rapidly, binds to opioid receptors (pain, pleasure, heart rate, breathing).
* Uranium ☢️
* Uranium-235: Only naturally occurring fissile isotope, used in nuclear power plants & weapons.
* India produces ~2% of world's Uranium.
* In UP, found in Lalitpur district.
* Atomic Power Stations in India ⚡
* Rajasthan Atomic Power Station: Rawatbhata, Kota (Rajasthan). Commissioned 1973 (first nuclear plant in India).
* Kakrapur Atomic Power Plant: Gujarat, commissioned 1993.
* Kalpakkam Plant: Kerala, Russian collaboration, commissioned 1984.
📰 CURRENT AFFAIRS (circa 2011) 🌍
* Soviet Prime Minister Bulganin & Khrushchev Visit to India (Nov 1955) 🇷🇺🇮🇳
* Voyage of discovery, visited Punjab, Bombay, Bangalore, Madras, Calcutta, smaller towns/villages.
* Chou En Lai Visits India (1960) 🇨🇳🇮🇳
* Nobel Peace Prize 2008: Awarded to Martti Ahtisaari for resolving international conflicts.
* Hoover Medal 2008: Awarded to Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam for services to humanity. First Asian recipient.
* G-20 Summit 2009: Held in London, Britain. Formed 1999 (finance ministers & central bank governors). Represents ~90% GWP, 80% world trade, 2/3 world population.
* World Economic Forum (WEF): Based in Geneva, Switzerland. Founded 1971. Membership-based (world's largest corporations).
* "Slumdog Millionaire": Loose adaptation of Vikas Swarup's novel "Q & A".
* Padma Awards: Annually on Republic Day. Three categories:
* Padma Vibhushan (2nd highest civilian award).
* Padma Bhushan.
* Padma Shri.
* Abhinav Bindra: Awarded Padma Bhushan for 2008 Beijing Olympics (shooting gold).
* IIFA Awards 2009:
* Amitabh Bachchan: Brand Ambassador.
* Hritik Roshan: Best Actor.
* Priyanka Chopra: Best Actress.
* Indian PM Manmohan Singh & Pakistan President Asif Ali Zardari Meeting: On sidelines of Shanghai Cooperation Summit (SCO) in Yekaterinburg, Russia. First meeting after 26/11 attacks (2008).
* Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO):
* Permanent intergovernmental organization (Eurasian political, economic, military).
* Created 2001. Charter signed 2002, effective 2003.
* Members: China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan.
* Observer states (2020): Mongolia, Pakistan, India, Iran, Belarus, Afghanistan.
* Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna: Highest sporting honour in India. Awarded annually by Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports.
* MS Dhoni: Honoured in 2008 (after World Cup triumph).
* Olympic Games: World's foremost sports competition. Held every 4 years.
* Abhinav Bindra: Gold Medal in Shooting at 2008 Olympics.
* 2012 Summer Olympics (London): Baseball & softball dropped from games.
* Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy 2009: Winner: South Korea. Runner-up: Pakistan. Third: China.
* India Women's Football Championship: Manipur won 17th Senior National Women's Football Championship.
* Pankaj Advani: Indian billiards & snooker player. 23-time World Champion.
* Sultan Azlan Shah Cup (Field Hockey): Annual international men's tournament in Malaysia. India won in 2009 (captain Sandeep Singh).
* Men's Hockey Asia Cup 2009: 8th edition, held in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
* National Games 2011: Held in Ranchi, Jharkhand. Services (Indian Armed Forces combined team) retained overall title.
🌳 ENVIRONMENT & AGRICULTURE 🌿
* Operation Green (Uttar Pradesh) 🌳
* Launched: June 2007.
* Major tree plantation drive.
* Focus on Vindhyachal & Bundelkhand areas (bamboo plantation scheme).
* Project Elephant 🐘
* Launched: 1992 by Ministry of Environment and Forests.
* Provides financial & technical support for wild Asian Elephant management.
* Addresses human-wildlife conflict & domesticated elephant welfare.
* Biosphere Reserves (Examples) 🏞️
* Simlipal National Park (Odisha)
* Nokrek (Meghalaya)
* Dihang-Dibang Biosphere (Arunachal Pradesh)
* Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve (Kerala)
* Agricultural Practices 👨🌾
* Gypsum: Used in reclamation of sodic (alkali) soils.
* Helps in good seed filling for groundnut (500kg/ha for paddy, 400kg/ha for groundnut).
* Available Water in Soil: Upper limit determined at 1/3 bar.
* Pigeon Pea (Red Gram): Origin: North-Eastern Africa or India (likely Peninsular India). Fast growing, hardy, drought resistant.
* Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan: Established 1985.
* Soybean: Kharif Crop. Top producers: Madhya Pradesh (45%), Maharashtra (40%), Rajasthan.
* Varuna: Variety of Mustard. High yielding, recommended in Jammu region.
* Clove: Aromatic, dry, unopened flower buds. Native to Maluku Islands (Indonesia). Major producers: Zanzibar, Pemba, Indonesia. Grown in hilly tracts of Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu. Requires warm, humid tropical climate.
* Fish Production in India: West Bengal is largest producer (~20% of total).
* Rice Production in India: Uttar Pradesh is largest producer (5.86M hectares, 12.5M tonnes). West Bengal is second.
* Alley Cropping: Planting trees at wide spacing with companion crops in alleyways. Diversifies income, improves production, conservation benefits.
* Central Institute of Subtropical Horticulture 🥭
* Located in Lucknow, UP.
* Started as Central Mango Research Station (1972).
* Renamed CISH.
📊 DEMOGRAPHICS & SOCIAL ISSUES 🧑🤝🧑
* Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males) 📈
* Census 2011: 940 females/1000 males.
* Census 2001: 933 females/1000 males.
* Kerala (2001): Highest sex ratio (1058). AP: 978, Chhattisgarh: 989, Himachal: 968, Jharkhand: 941.
* National average (2001): 933 (Rural: 946, Urban: 900).
* Religious Demographics (2001 Census) 🙏
* Hindus: 80.45% (82.75 crore).
* Muslims: 13.4% (13.8 crore).
* 108 faiths under "Other Religions and Persuasion (ORP)".
* UP: Highest Muslim population (in terms of numbers).
* Assam: Highest Muslim population (in terms of percentage).
* Population Growth Rate (1991-2001) 📉
* Lowest: Kerala (9.42%).
* Followed by Tamil Nadu (11.19%) and Andhra Pradesh (13.86%).
* Census in India 👨👩👧👦
* First non-synchronous: 1865-1872.
* First synchronous (regular): 1881.
* Undertaken every 10 years uninterruptedly.
* Census 2011: 15th census (since 1872), 7th since independence.
* Collects data on demography, economic activity, literacy, housing, etc.
* UP Population Density: 689/sq km (2001) ➡️ 825/sq km (2011).
* Scheduled Tribes in Uttar Pradesh 👥
* Tharu: Most populous tribe (83,544, 77.4% of total tribal population).
* Followed by Buksa, Bhotia, Jaunsari, Raji.
* Literacy Rate in Uttar Pradesh (2001) 📚
* Overall: 56.27%.
* Male: 68.82%.
* Female: 42.22%.
🗺️ UTTAR PRADESH SPECIFIC 📍
* Jaunpur:
* Historically Sheeraz-e-Hind.
* Founded 1359 by Sultan Feruz Shah Tughlaq (named after cousin Jauna Khan).
* Firoz Shah Tughlaq founded other cities: Fatahabad, Firozabad, Hissar-i-Firoza.
* Obra Gajrajnagar Power Plant:
* Located in Sonbhadra district, UP.
* Established with help of Soviet Russia.
* Owned by Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam (UPRVUNL).
* Firozabad (UP):
* Named after "Firoz Shah Mansab-Dar".
* Famous for glass and bangles.
* Folk Songs of Uttar Pradesh: 🎶
* Birha, Kajri, Rasia.
* Dhola Maru (from Rajasthan, different version in Chhattisgarh).
* Sayyed Salar Festival: 🎉
* Celebrated in Bahraich, UP, by Hindus & Muslims together at Sayyed Salar's tomb.
* Urdu Training and Research Centres:
* Situated in Lucknow, UP.
* Under CIIL (Central Institute of Indian Languages).
* Aims: advice governments, develop languages, protect minor languages, promote linguistic harmony.