HUMAN RESOURCES
GEOGRAPHY
CLASS VIII
Welcome to UnpackingHumanity!
**Human Resources:**
- *People = Greatest Resource.*
- *Nature's Bounty:* Only valuable when people find it useful.
2. **Significance:**
- *People's Demands and Abilities:* Transform resources into valuable assets.
- *Human Resource:* The ultimate and most crucial resource.
**Remember:**
- People are a nation's greatest resource.
- Nature's value depends on human utilization.
- Human resource is the ultimate and most crucial resource.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
**What is emphasized in the given text regarding a nation's resources?**
- A. Nature's intrinsic value
- B. The significance of people as a resource
- C. The abundance of natural resources
- D. Technological advancements
**Answer Options:**
- B
**Population Distribution:**
1. **Definition:**
- *Pattern:* How people are spread across the earth’s surface.
- *Uneven Distribution:* Some areas crowded, some sparsely populated.
2. **Global Overview:**
- *Majority:* Over 90% lives on 30% of the land surface.
- *Crowded Areas:* South and south-east Asia, Europe, northeastern North America.
- *Sparse Areas:* High latitudes, tropical deserts, high mountains, equatorial forests.
3. **Continental Distribution:**
- *Prevalent Areas:* Asia and Africa.
- *Equator Influence:* More people north of the Equator.
- *Concentration:* 60% in just 10 countries, all with over 100 million people.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
1. **What does the term "pattern" refer to in the context of population distribution?**
- A. Climate patterns
- B. Distribution of resources
- C. Spatial arrangement of people
- D. Migration patterns
2. **In which regions are most people concentrated according to the global overview?**
- A. Polar regions and deserts
- B. South and southeast Asia, Europe, and northeastern North America
- C. Equatorial forests and high mountains
- D. Western Europe and South America
**Answer options**
1. C
2. B
**Remember:**
- Population distribution is how people spread on the earth.
- Uneven – some crowded, some sparse.
- Majority concentrated in Asia, Africa, and specific regions.
Go to INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE
**Density of Population :**
1. **Definition:**
- *Meaning:* Number of people in a specific area, expressed per square metre.
Normally expressed as persons per square km.
2. **Global Overview:**
- *World Average:* 51 persons per square km.
- *Regional Variation:* South-Central Asia has the highest density, followed by East and South East Asia.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
**What is population density, and how is it commonly measured?*
- A. The spread of people across continents
- B. The total number of people on Earth
- C. The number of people in a specific area, expressed per square metre
- D. The distribution of population based on age
**Answer options**
1. C
**Remember:**
- Density of population measures people per unit area.
- World average is 51 persons per square km.
- South-Central Asia and East/South East Asia have high population density.
Go to INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE
**Factors Affecting Population Distribution :**
1. **Geographical Features:**
- *Topography:* Plains are preferred over mountains and plateaus for farming and activities.
- *Examples:* Ganga plains (dense), Andes, Alps, Himalayas (sparse).
- *Climate:* Avoid extreme climates (very hot or very cold).
- *Examples:* Sahara desert, polar regions.
- *Soil:* Fertile soils encourage agriculture.
- *Examples:* Ganga, Brahmaputra plains, Hwang-He, Chang Jiang, Nile.
- *Water:* Freshwater availability matters (densely populated in river valleys).
- *Minerals:* Areas with mineral deposits attract more people.
- *Examples:* Diamond mines in South Africa, oil in the Middle East.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
1. **Which geographical feature is generally preferred for farming and activities?**
- A. Mountains
- B. Polar regions
- C. Plains
- D. Plateaus
2. **What is a crucial factor influencing population density in certain areas?**
- A. Extreme climates
- B. Fertile soils
- C. Mountainous topography
- D. Harsh deserts
**Answer options**
1. C
2. B
2. **Social, Cultural, and Economic Factors:**
- *Social:* Better housing, education, and health facilities attract more people.
- *Example:* Pune.
- *Cultural:* Places with religious or cultural significance are populated.
- *Examples:* Varanasi, Jerusalem, Vatican City.
- *Economic:* Industrial areas with job opportunities attract a large population.
- *Examples:* Osaka (Japan), Mumbai (India).
3. **Political Factors:**
- *Political Stability:* Stable regions tend to attract more people.
- *Government Policies:* Certain policies may encourage or discourage settlement.
4. **Historical Factors:**
- *Historical Significance:* Areas with historical importance can be densely populated.
- *Examples:* Ancient cities, sites of historical events.
5. **Transportation and Infrastructure:**
- *Connectivity:* Areas with good transportation infrastructure may see higher population.
- *Example:* Regions with well-developed road and rail networks.
6. **Natural Resources:**
- *Availability:* Places rich in natural resources attract settlement.
- *Example:* Areas with abundant forests, minerals, etc.
7. **Technological Advancements:**
- *Modern Amenities:* Areas with advanced technology and modern amenities may attract people.
8. **Globalization and Urbanization:**
- *Economic Hubs:* Cities and regions connected to global trade and commerce tend to be densely populated.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
**1. What social factors contribute to population growth in Pune?**
- A. Better healthcare facilities
- B. Religious significance
- C. Abundant natural resources
**2. Which city is mentioned as an example of an economic factor attracting a large population?**
- A. Varanasi
- B. Osaka
- C. Ancient cities
**3. What historical factor is mentioned as contributing to densely populated areas?**
- A. Political stability
- B. Ancient cities and historical events
- C. Good transportation infrastructure
**4. What plays a significant role in attracting settlement according to the Transportation and Infrastructure section?**
- A. Availability of natural resources
- B. Modern amenities
- C. Well-developed road and rail networks
**5. In the context of globalization and urbanization, what contributes to the dense population of certain cities?**
- A. Cultural significance
- B. Economic hubs connected to global trade
- C. Historical importance
**Answer Options:**
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. B
Understanding these factors helps explain why certain areas are densely populated while others remain sparsely populated.
*Population Change: A Quick Overview*
1. **Historical Trends:**
- **Pre-1800s:** Slow population growth due to high mortality rates, lack of health facilities, and insufficient food.
- **1804:** World population reaches 1 billion.
- **1959:** Population hits 3 billion, marking a population explosion.
- **1999:** Population doubles, reaching 6 billion due to improved food supplies and medicine.
2. **Factors Influencing Population Change:**
- **Birth Rate:** Number of live births per 1,000 people.
- **Death Rate:** Number of deaths per 1,000 people.
- **Migration:** Movement of people in and out of an area.
- **Natural Growth Rate:** Difference between birth rate and death rate, contributing to global population increase.
- **Migration Impact:** Countries experience population change due to in-migration (immigration) or out-migration (emigration).
3. **Global Migration Trends:**
- **International Migration:** Movement from less developed to more developed nations for better opportunities.
- **Urbanization:** Movement within countries, often from rural to urban areas, for employment, education, and healthcare.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
**1. In 1804, what significant milestone was achieved in world population?**
- A. 3 billion
- B. 1 billion
- C. 6 billion
**2. What contributes to the Natural Growth Rate, leading to global population increase?**
- A. Migration Impact
- B. Death Rate
- C. Difference between birth rate and death rate
**3. What characterizes Urbanization in the context of global migration trends?**
- A. Movement from less developed to more developed nations
- B. Movement within countries, often rural to urban areas
- C. Countries experiencing population change due to migration impact
**Answer Options:**
1. B
2. C
3. B
Understanding these trends and factors helps comprehend the dynamics of population change on both a global and local scale.
**Patterns of Population Change:**
1. **Global Variation:**
- **Not Uniform:** Rates of population growth differ worldwide.
- **Example - Kenya:** High population growth due to both high birth and death rates.
- **Example - United Kingdom:** Slower population growth due to low birth and death rates.
2. **Factors Influencing Growth:**
- **Kenya's Scenario:**
- **High Birth Rates:** Despite improving healthcare.
- **Reduced Death Rates:** Improved healthcare contributes to lower mortality.
- **Result:** High overall population growth.
- **United Kingdom's Scenario:**
- **Low Birth Rates:** Contributing to slower population growth.
- **Low Death Rates:** Effective healthcare leads to reduced mortality.
- **Result:** Slower overall population growth.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
**1. Why does Kenya experience high overall population growth despite improving healthcare?**
- A. High death rates
- B. Low birth rates
- C. Both high birth and death rates
**2. What contributes to the slower population growth in the United Kingdom?**
- A. High birth rates
- B. Low death rates
- C. Both low birth and death rates
**Answer Options:**
1. C
2. C
Understanding these patterns helps to grasp the diverse dynamics of population change in different regions, influenced by birth rates, death rates, and healthcare improvements.
**Population Composition Simplified:**
1. **Economic Development vs. Population Density:**
- **Example:** Japan and Bangladesh.
- **Observation:** Economic development doesn't determine population density.
2. **Factors in Population Composition:**
- **Varied Characteristics:**
- Age
- Sex
- Literacy Level
- Health Condition
- Occupation
- Income Level
3. **Understanding Population Composition:**
- **Importance:** Provides insights into a population's:
- Demographic structure.
- Educational levels.
- Occupational diversity.
- Income distribution.
- Health conditions.
4. **Tools for Study:**
- **Population Pyramid:**
- Visual representation of age and sex distribution.
- Helps understand population composition.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
**1. According to the example provided (Japan and Bangladesh), what observation challenges the idea that economic development determines population density?**
- A. Both countries have similar economic development.
- B. Economic development directly correlates with population density.
- C. Population density is higher in economically developed countries.
**2. What does a Population Pyramid visually represent to aid in understanding population composition?**
- A. Economic development trends
- B. Age and sex distribution
- C. Literacy levels and health conditions
**Answer Options:**
1. A
2. B
Understanding population composition goes beyond mere numbers, providing valuable insights into the diverse characteristics that shape a population's dynamics.
**Population Pyramid :**
1. **Representation:**
- **Divisions:** Total population grouped by age (e.g., 5-9 years, 10-14 years).
- **Subdivisions:** Each age group further divided by males and females.
2. **Structure Meaning:**
- **Bottom Section:** Reflects the number of children (birth levels).
- **Top Section:** Represents the elderly (reflects death rates).
3. **Dependency Groups:**
- **Young Dependents:** Below 15 years.
- **Elderly Dependents:** Over 65 years.
4. **Working-Age Insight:**
- **Economically Active:** Those within the working-age group.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
**1. What does the bottom section of a Population Pyramid primarily reflect?**
- A. Number of elderly
- B. Number of children (birth levels)
- C. Working-age population
**2. Which age group is considered economically active according to the information provided?**
- A. Young Dependents (Below 15 years)
- B. Elderly Dependents (Over 65 years)
- C. Those within the working-age group
**Answer Options:**
1. B
2. C
The population pyramid serves as a visual tool, offering insights into the distribution of age, gender, birth rates, and dependency ratios within a population.
**Kenya Population Pyramid:**
1. **Base Width:**
- **Wide Base:** Signifies high birth rates.
2. **Middle Section:**
- **Narrowing:** Indicates a significant reduction in the population as people move through different age groups.
3. **Top Section:**
- **Few Old People:** Reflects a smaller percentage of the population reaching old age.
4. **Explanation:**
- **High Birth and Death Rates:** Many children are born, but a significant portion dies in infancy.
- **Few Reach Adulthood:** Relatively few individuals transition to the adult age groups.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
**1. What does a wide base in a Population Pyramid primarily signify?**
- A. High death rates
- B. High birth rates
- C. Few old people
**2. Why does the top section of a Population Pyramid reflect a smaller percentage of the population reaching old age?**
- A. High birth rates
- B. Few reach adulthood
- C. Significant reduction in the population
**Answer Options:**
1. B
2. B
The pyramid suggests challenges such as high infant mortality and a youthful population, impacting overall demographic trends in Kenya.
**India Population Pyramid**
1. **Base Width:**
- **Broad Base:** Indicates a significant population of young individuals.
2. **Middle Section:**
- **Gradual Narrowing:** Reflects decreasing mortality rates, allowing more infants to survive to adulthood.
3. **Top Section:**
- **Moderate Number of Elderly:** Shows a relatively larger population entering adulthood, leading to a less pronounced narrowing at the top.
4. **Explanation:**
- **Decreasing Death Rates:** Improved survival rates, especially among infants, contribute to a broader base.
- **Expanding Labour Force:** The pyramid suggests a strong and expanding workforce due to a large number of young individuals.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
**1. What does a broad base in a Population Pyramid primarily indicate?**
- A. Decreasing death rates
- B. High birth rates
- C. Gradual narrowing
**2. What does the moderate number of elderly in the top section of a Population Pyramid suggest?**
- A. Expanding labor force
- B. High birth rates
- C. Decreasing mortality rates
**Answer Options:**
1. B
2. A
This population structure highlights India's demographic trends, emphasizing a growing and dynamic labor force.
**Japan Population Pyramid:**
- **Narrow Base:** Signifies low birth rates, resulting in a smaller population of young individuals.
2. **Upper Sections:**
- **Wider at Top:** Reflects decreased mortality rates, allowing more people to reach old age.
3. **Characteristics:**
- **Low Birth Rates:** Fewer infants contribute to the narrow base of the pyramid.
- **Aging Population:** Wider top indicates a larger proportion of the population entering old age.
- **Skilled and Hopeful Youth:** Emphasizes the importance of a skilled and hopeful younger generation for the nation's future.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (TYK)
**1. What does a narrow base in a Population Pyramid primarily signify?**
- A. Low death rates
- B. Low birth rates
- C. Skilled and hopeful youth
**2. Why does a wider top in the upper sections of a Population Pyramid indicate an aging population?**
- A. Increased birth rates
- B. Decreased mortality rates
- C. Larger proportion of skilled youth
**Answer Options:**
1. B. Low birth rates
2. B. Decreased mortality rates
This population structure underlines Japan's demographic situation, with implications for
Sexy r an aging population and the significance of fostering skilled and hopeful young individuals.
HUMAN RESOURCES
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