1**The French Revolution:**
1. **Rumors and Alarm (1789):**
- *Situation:* In 1789, Paris was tense. Rumors spread that the King might attack the citizens.
- *People's Reaction:* Worried citizens gathered, fearing the King's actions.
2. **Bastille Attack:**
- *Reason:* People believed the King kept weapons in the Bastille, a symbol of his power.
- *Action:* Citizens broke into the Bastille, fought the commander, and freed prisoners.
- *Symbolic Meaning:* Bastille represented the King's oppressive rule.
3. **Protests for Bread:**
- *Issue:* People were angry about expensive bread.
- *Protest:* This led to protests against the high bread prices.
4. **Chain of Events:**
- *Consequence:* The Bastille event triggered a series of events.
- *Result:* The King was eventually executed in France.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK) 📚
**1. What was the initial cause of tension in Paris in 1789?**
- a) Expensive bread
- b) Rumors of the King's aggression
- c) Lack of political freedom
**2. What symbolic meaning did the Bastille hold during the events of 1789?**
- a) A place for royal celebrations
- b) A symbol of citizens' unity
- c) Representation of the King's oppressive rule
**3. How did the protests for bread contribute to the events of 1789?**
- a) They led to the execution of the King
- b) Citizens broke into the Bastille
- c) They fueled discontent and added to the chain of events
*Answers:*
1. b) Rumors of the King's aggression
2. c) Representation of the King's oppressive rule
3. c) They fueled discontent and added to the chain of events
**Summary for Learning:**
- In 1789, rumors of the King's aggression sparked tension in Paris.
- Citizens stormed the Bastille, a symbol of royal power, seeking weapons and freeing prisoners.
- Protests against costly bread fueled discontent.
- The Bastille event set off a chain of events, ultimately leading to the execution of the King.
👉Remember, citizens were worried, stormed the Bastille for symbolic reasons, protested expensive bread, and these events set off a big change in France, including the execution of the King.
2**French Society in the Late 18th Century:**
1. **Louis XVI's Reign (1774):**
- *Event:* Louis XVI became the king in 1774.
- *Situation:* France faced financial strain due to war.
2. **Support for American Colonies:**
- *Action:* France, under Louis XVI, aided the American colonies in gaining independence from Britain.
3. **Financial Challenges and Taxes:**
- *Expense Increase:* War and maintaining institutions strained finances.
- *Solution:* Taxes were raised to cover costs like army, court, and government.
4. **Three Estates System:**
- *Structure:* French society divided into three estates (classes).
- *Peasants Dominance:* 90% were peasants, but many didn't own the land they worked.
- *Land Ownership:* Nobles, Church, and wealthy third estate owned 60% of the land.
5. **Privileges and Taxation:**
- *First Two Estates:* Clergy and nobility had birth-based privileges, exempt from taxes.
- *Third Estate:* Had to pay taxes, including a direct tax (taille) and indirect taxes on everyday items.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK) 📚
**1. Who became the king of France in 1774?**
- a) Louis XIV
- b) Louis XV
- c) Louis XVI
**2. What action did France take under Louis XVI to support the American colonies?**
- a) Imposed heavy taxes
- b) Declared war on the colonies
- c) Provided aid for their independence
**3. What was the primary financial solution adopted during Louis XVI's reign to cover increased expenses?**
- a) Selling royal assets
- b) Reducing government institutions
- c) Raising taxes
*Answers:*
1. c) Louis XVI
2. c) Provided aid for their independence
3. c) Raising taxes
**Summary for Learning:**
- Louis XVI's reign faced financial challenges.
- France supported American colonies' independence.
- Taxes were increased to cover expenses.
- Society divided into three estates; peasants were the majority but lacked land ownership.
- First two estates enjoyed privileges, while the third estate faced taxation.
👉Remember, financial strain, American support, increased taxes, three estates structure, and the differing privileges and tax burdens in each estate.
3 **Struggle for Survival:**
1. **Population Growth:**
- *Issue:* More people meant a higher demand for food grains.
2. **Food Shortage:**
- *Challenge:* Grain production couldn't match the growing demand.
- *Result:* Bread prices shot up due to scarcity.
3. **Widening Gap:**
- *Cause:* Low wages for laborers.
- *Effect:* Increased the divide between the poor and the rich.
4. **Impact of Natural Disasters:**
- *Problem:* Droughts or hailstorms hurt harvests.
- *Consequence:* Situation worsened during such events.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK) 📚
**1. What issue arose due to the increasing population during this period?**
- a) Unemployment
- b) Food shortage
- c) Housing crisis
**2. What was the consequence of low wages for laborers?**
- a) Improved living conditions
- b) Widened the gap between rich and poor
- c) Increased agricultural production
**3. How did natural disasters impact the situation described?**
- a) Enhanced food production
- b) Worsened the situation
- c) Reduced population growth
*Answers:*
1. b) Food shortage
2. b) Widened the gap between rich and poor
3. b) Worsened the situation
**Summary for Learning:**
- More people needed more food grains.
- Shortage led to expensive bread.
- Low wages widened the gap between the poor and rich.
- Natural disasters, like droughts, made survival tougher.
👉Remember, the struggle for survival involved a growing population, food shortage, income inequality, and the added challenge of natural disasters.
4**Rise of the Middle Class Simplified:**
1. **Peasant Revolts:**
- *Cause:* Taxes and food scarcity led peasants to revolt.
2. **Emergence of the Middle Class:**
- *Source of Wealth:* Middle class gained wealth through overseas trade and textile manufacturing.
- *Occupations:* Included professions like lawyers and administrative officials.
3. **Education and Meritocracy:**
- *Advancement:* Third estate became educated, valuing merit over birth privileges.
- *Belief:* Social position should be based on individual merit, not inherited privilege.
4. **New Government Ideas:**
- *Rousseau's Proposal:* Suggested a social contract between people and their representatives.
- *Montesquieu's Idea:* Advocated separating government powers - legislative, executive, and judiciary.
5. **Influence in the USA:**
- *Implementation:* USA adopted Montesquieu's idea of divided government powers.
6. **Louis XVI's Tax Plans:**
- *Issue:* Louis XVI aimed to impose additional taxes to cover expenses.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK) 📚
**1. What was the cause of the peasant revolts during this period?**
- a) Religious disputes
- b) Taxes and food scarcity
- c) Lack of education
**2. What was the source of wealth for the emerging middle class?**
- a) Agriculture
- b) Overseas trade and textile manufacturing
- c) Mining
**3. What did Rousseau propose in response to the prevailing situation?**
- a) Separation of government powers
- b) Social contract between people and representatives
- c) Increased taxes for the nobility
*Answers:*
1. b) Taxes and food scarcity
2. b) Overseas trade and textile manufacturing
3. b) Social contract between people and representatives
**Summary for Learning:**
- Peasants revolted due to taxes and food shortages.
- Middle class rose through trade and manufacturing.
- Education and merit became important.
- New government ideas proposed by Rousseau and Montesquieu influenced thoughts in society.
- USA adopted the idea of divided government powers.
- Louis XVI's plan for more taxes added to the tensions.
👉Remember,peasant revolts, middle class rise, focus on education and merit, new government ideas, their influence in the USA, and Louis XVI's tax plans were key aspects of this period.
5**Revolution Outbreak :**
1. **Taxing Power in France:**
- *Monarch's Limit:* Monarchs needed Estates-General approval for new taxes.
- *Call for Meeting:* Louis XVI called a meeting on May 5, 1789, to propose new taxes.
2. **Representation Demand:**
- *Assembly Composition:* First and second estates' reps were there; third estate represented by prosperous members.
- *Voting Dispute:* Each estate had one vote; third estate demanded individual votes.
- *Protest:* Third estate members walked out, refusing to disperse until a constitution limited monarch's powers.
3. **Bread Prices and Peasant Unrest:**
- *Winter Hardships:* Severe winter raised bread prices; people queued for hours.
- *Rumors:* Rumors of lords hiring brigands to destroy crops fueled fear.
- *Peasant Response:* Peasants looted hoarded grain, burnt manorial records; nobles fled.
4. **Recognition and Constitutional Check:**
- *Louis XVI's Response:* Acknowledged the National Assembly, agreeing to be checked by a constitution.
- *Feudal System Abolished:* Assembly abolished feudal obligations, taxes (August 4, 1789).
- *Church Reforms:* Tithes ended, Church lands confiscated.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK) 📚
**1. What was the monarch's limit regarding new taxes in France?**
- a) Approval by the First Estate
- b) Estates-General's approval
- c) Monarch could impose taxes at will
**2. What demand did the Third Estate make regarding representation in the Estates-General?**
- a) Each estate having one vote
- b) Individual votes for each representative
- c) Nobles having more voting power
**3. What fueled fear among peasants, leading to unrest?**
- a) Crop failures
- b) Rumors of lords hiring brigands
- c) Taxation disputes
**4. What significant change occurred on August 4, 1789, during the National Assembly's actions?**
- a) Feudal system abolished
- b) Monarch's powers increased
- c) Increased taxation
*Answers:*
1. b) Estates-General's approval
2. b) Individual votes for each representative
3. b) Rumors of lords hiring brigands
4. a) Feudal system abolished
**Summary for Learning:**
- Monarchs needed Estates-General for taxes.
- Dispute over voting led to third estate's protest for individual votes.
- Bread prices, peasant unrest, and fear of brigands escalated.
- Louis XVI acknowledged National Assembly and accepted constitutional checks.
- August 4, 1789: Assembly abolished feudal system and enacted Church reforms.
👉Remember, taxing power conflict, voting dispute, peasant unrest, Louis XVI's recognition, and August 4, 1789, reforms were crucial in the outbreak of the French Revolution.
6**France Becomes a Constitutional Monarchy:**
1. **Constitutional Limits (1791):**
- *Objective:* National Assembly drafted a constitution to limit monarch's powers.
- *Separation of Powers:* Powers distributed among legislature, executive, and judiciary.
- *Outcome:* France transformed into a constitutional monarchy.
2. **Voting System and Limitations:**
- *Citizen Participation:* Citizens voted for electors who chose the Assembly.
- *Voting Criteria:* Limited right to vote; men above 25, paying taxes equal to 3 days of a laborer’s wage.
3. **Declaration of Rights:**
- *Start of Constitution:* Began with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
- *Established Rights:* Included the right to life, freedom of speech, opinion, and equality before the law.
- *Nature of Rights:* Declared as 'natural and inalienable,' inherent from birth and cannot be taken away.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK) 📚
**1. What was the objective of the National Assembly in 1791 regarding the constitution?**
- a) Increase monarch's powers
- b) Abolish the constitution
- c) Draft a constitution to limit monarch's powers
**2. What criteria determined the right to vote in the new voting system?**
- a) All citizens had the right to vote
- b) Men above 25, paying taxes equal to 3 days of a laborer’s wage
- c) Women above 21 were eligible to vote
**3. What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen establish?**
- a) The right to bear arms
- b) The right to life, freedom of speech, opinion, and equality before the law
- c) The right to own property
*Answers:*
1. c) Draft a constitution to limit monarch's powers
2. b) Men above 25, paying taxes equal to 3 days of a laborer’s wage
3. b) The right to life, freedom of speech, opinion, and equality before the law
**Summary for Learning:**
- National Assembly created a constitution in 1791 to limit monarch's powers.
- Powers divided among legislature, executive, and judiciary, forming a constitutional monarchy.
- Citizens voted through electors, but not everyone had the right to vote.
- Declaration of Rights included fundamental freedoms, declared as inherent and inalienable.
👉Remember, the move to a constitutional monarchy, the voting system limitations, and the Declaration of Rights were key developments during this period.
**France Becomes a Republic:**
1. **War and Anthem (April 1792):**
- *Event:* National Assembly voted for war against Prussia and Austria.
- *Anthem:* "Marseillaise" became France's national anthem.
2. **Women's Role During War:**
- *Situation:* Men fought in the war; women managed families.
3. **Demand for Further Revolution:**
- *Concern:* Constitution of 1791 favored the wealthy.
- *Reaction:* Population demanded more revolution for broader political rights.
4. **Rise of Jacobins:**
- *Formation:* Political clubs emerged; Jacobins were prominent.
- *Membership:* Included small shopkeepers, artisans, servants, and daily-wage workers.
- *Symbol:* Jacobins, known as sans-culottes, wore long striped trousers like dockworkers.
5. **Storming of Tuileries (August 10, 1792):**
- *Event:* Jacobins stormed the Palace of Tuileries, holding the king hostage.
- *Outcome:* Elections followed, granting voting rights to all men aged 21 and above.
6. **Abolition of Monarchy (September 21, 1792):**
- *Decision:* Monarchy abolished; France declared a republic.
- *Execution:* Louis XVI sentenced to death for treason.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK) 📚
**1. What was the significance of the event in April 1792 when the National Assembly voted for war against Prussia and Austria?**
- a) Adoption of "Marseillaise" as the national anthem
- b) Abolition of the monarchy
- c) Declaration of the republic
**2. Who played a significant role in managing families while men fought during the war in 1792?**
- a) Aristocrats
- b) Sans-culottes
- c) Women
**3. What was the primary concern regarding the Constitution of 1791?**
- a) It favored the wealthy
- b) It granted equal rights to all citizens
- c) It supported the monarchy
**4. What symbol was associated with the Jacobins during the French Revolution?**
- a) Tricolor flag
- b) Phrygian cap
- c) Striped trousers
*Answers:*
1. a) Adoption of "Marseillaise" as the national anthem
2. c) Women
3. a) It favored the wealthy
4. c) Striped trousers
**Summary for Learning:**
- War and anthem marked April 1792.
- Women played a vital role during the war.
- Demand for more revolution due to wealth-based Constitution.
- Jacobins, including sans-culottes, gained prominence.
- Storming of Tuileries led to broader voting rights.
- Monarchy abolished on September 21, 1792; France became a republic; Louis XVI executed.
👉Remember, the war, anthem, women's role, demand for revolution, rise of Jacobins, Tuileries event, broader voting rights, and monarchy's abolition were pivotal moments leading to France becoming a republic.
**Reign of Terror:**
1. **Period (1793-1794):**
- *Duration:* 1793 to 1794 is known as the Reign of Terror.
2. **Robespierre's Actions:**
- *Targets:* Enemies of the republic were arrested and tried.
- *Judicial Process:* Tried by a revolutionary tribunal; guilty were guillotined.
- *Guillotine:* Device with two poles and a blade for beheading; named after Dr Guillotin.
3. **Economic Measures:**
- *Wage and Price Controls:* Laws set maximum limits on wages and prices.
- *Rationing:* Meat and bread were rationed.
- *Flour Restriction:* Use of expensive white flour forbidden.
4. **Equality Measures:**
- *Speech and Address:* Forms of equality in speech; all addressed as Citoyen and Citoyenne (Citizen).
5. **Fall of Robespierre (July 1794):**
- *Event:* Robespierre convicted, arrested, and guillotined.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK) 📚
**1. What is the significance of the period from 1793 to 1794 in the French Revolution?**
- a) Formation of the National Assembly
- b) Reign of Terror
- c) Declaration of the Republic
**2. Who were the primary targets during Robespierre's actions in the Reign of Terror?**
- a) Monarchs
- b) Enemies of the republic
- c) Aristocrats
**3. What economic measures were implemented during the Reign of Terror?**
- a) Promotion of free-market capitalism
- b) Wage and price controls
- c) Encouragement of private enterprises
**4. What led to the fall of Robespierre in July 1794?**
- a) Military defeat
- b) Conviction, arrest, and guillotining
- c) Abandonment of revolutionary ideals
*Answers:*
1. b) Reign of Terror
2. b) Enemies of the republic
3. b) Wage and price controls
4. b) Conviction, arrest, and guillotining
**Directory Rules France Simplified:**
1. **Fall of Jacobin Government:**
- *Result:* Wealthier middle classes seized power after the fall of the Jacobin government.
- *Constitutional Change:* New constitution denied voting to non-propertied sections.
2. **Government Structure:**
- *Legislative Councils:* Two elected legislative councils established.
- *Executive Power:* Directory formed, consisting of five executive members.
3. **Political Instability and Rise of Napoleon:**
- *Outcome:* Political instability led to military dictator Napoleon Bonaparte's rise.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK) 📚
**1. What was the outcome after the fall of the Jacobin government?**
- a) Establishment of a socialist government
- b) Seizure of power by wealthier middle classes
- c) Continued rule by the radical Jacobins
**2. How did the government structure change after the fall of the Jacobin government?**
- a) Single legislative council with unlimited power
- b) Two elected legislative councils and the formation of the Directory
- c) Preservation of the Jacobin government structure
*Answers:*
1. b) Seizure of power by wealthier middle classes
2. b) Two elected legislative councils and the formation of the Directory
**Summary for Learning:**
- Reign of Terror (1793-1794): Robespierre targeted enemies; guillotine used.
- Economic measures included wage controls, rationing, and flour restrictions.
- Equality practiced through speech and address.
- Fall of Robespierre in July 1794.
- Directory Rules France: Wealthier middle classes take power, new constitution, and political instability pave the way for Napoleon Bonaparte's rise.
👉Remember, the Reign of Terror's actions, economic and equality measures, Robespierre's fall, and the rise of Napoleon leading to the Directory rule were significant events during this period.
**Women's Role in the Revolution:**
1. **Early Participation:**
- *Involvement:* Women actively participated in the revolution from the beginning.
2. **Third Estate Women:**
- *Challenges:* Worked for a living, lacked education and job training.
- *Education:* Daughters of third estate nobles studied at convents.
3. **Working Women's Struggles:**
- *Roles:* Juggling work and family responsibilities.
- *Wage Gap:* Faced lower wages compared to men.
4. **Political Engagement:**
- *Clubs and Newspapers:* Women initiated political clubs and newspapers.
- *Prominent Club:* Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women was notable.
5. **Political Demands:**
- *Equality Demands:* Demanded equal political rights, voting, and the right to hold political office.
6. **Government Reforms:**
- *Reforms Introduced:* Revolutionary government introduced laws to improve women's lives.
- *Compulsory Schooling:* Schooling became mandatory.
- *Legal Changes:* Divorce legalized, women allowed to run small businesses.
7. **Reign of Terror Impact:**
- *Clubs Banned:* During the Reign of Terror, women's clubs were closed, and political activities banned.
8. **Struggle for Voting Rights:**
- *Post-Revolution:* After persistent struggle, women in France gained the right to vote in 1946.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK) 📚
**1. When did women begin actively participating in the revolution?**
- a) Midway through the revolution
- b) Towards the end of the revolution
- c) From the beginning
**2. What challenges did third estate women face during the revolution?**
- a) Lack of political opportunities
- b) Lack of education and job training
- c) High wages compared to men
**3. What was the impact of the Reign of Terror on women's clubs?**
- a) Increased political activities
- b) Clubs remained open
- c) Closed and political activities were banned
**4. What significant demand did women make during the revolution?**
- a) Lower taxes
- b) Equal political rights, voting, and the right to hold political office
- c) Exclusive privileges for women
**5. When did women in France gain the right to vote?**
- a) During the revolution
- b) Immediately after the revolution
- c) In 1946
*Answers:*
1. c) From the beginning
2. b) Lack of education and job training
3. c) Closed and political activities were banned
4. b) Equal political rights, voting, and the right to hold political office
5. c) In 1946
**Summary for Learning:**
- Women actively participated in the revolution.
- Third estate women faced challenges and education limitations.
- Working women struggled with lower wages.
- Women initiated political clubs and demanded equal rights.
- Government introduced reforms during the revolution.
- Reign of Terror impacted women's clubs.
- After prolonged struggle, women gained the right to vote in France in 1946.
👉Remember, the early involvement, challenges faced by third estate women, political engagement, government reforms, Reign of Terror impact, and the eventual right to vote were significant aspects of women's participation in the French Revolution.
**Abolition of Slavery:**
1. **Jacobin's Revolutionary Reform:**
- *Significant Change:* Jacobin regime abolished slavery in French colonies, a revolutionary social reform.
2. **Historical Context:**
- *17th Century Beginnings:* Slavery trade started; slaves obtained from local chieftains.
- *Atlantic Voyage:* Branded, shackled slaves endured a three-month voyage to the Caribbean for European market demands.
3. **Economic Role of Slavery:**
- *Slave Labor:* Met European market demand for sugar, coffee, and indigo.
4. **Eighteenth Century Attitudes:**
- *Lack of Criticism:* Little criticism of slavery in France throughout the 18th century.
5. **Convention's Decree (1794):**
- *Landmark Decision:* In 1794, the Convention legislated to free all slaves in French overseas possessions.
6. **Napoleon's Reversal:**
- *Introduction of Slavery:* Napoleon reintroduced slavery after a decade.
7. **Final Abolition (1848):**
- *End of Slavery:* In 1848, slavery was finally abolished in French colonies.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK) 📚
**1. When did the Jacobin regime abolish slavery in French colonies?**
- a) 17th century
- b) 1794
- c) 1848
**2. What was the economic role of slavery in the 18th century?**
- a) Met European market demand for sugar, coffee, and indigo
- b) Criticized by French society
- c) Abolished by the Convention in 1794
**3. When did the Convention legislate to free all slaves in French overseas possessions?**
- a) 17th century
- b) 1794
- c) 1848
**4. Who reintroduced slavery after its initial abolition by the Convention?**
- a) Jacobins
- b) French colonies
- c) Napoleon
*Answers:*
1. b) 1794
2. a) Met European market demand for sugar, coffee, and indigo
3. b) 1794
4. c) Napoleon
**Summary for Learning:**
- Jacobin regime's revolutionary reform abolished slavery in French colonies.
- Slavery trade began in the 17th century.
- European market demands fueled slave labor for sugar, coffee, and indigo.
- Little criticism of slavery in France during the 18th century.
- Convention's 1794 decree freed all slaves in French overseas possessions.
- Napoleon reintroduced slavery after ten years.
- Final abolition in French colonies occurred in 1848.
👉Remember, the timeline of slavery, economic role, lack of criticism, Convention's decree, Napoleon's reversal, and the ultimate abolition in 1848 are key points in the history of slavery in French colonies.
*Revolution's Impact on Everyday Life:**
1. **Abolition of Censorship (1789):**
- *Change:* In 1789, censorship was abolished.
- *Result:* Freedom of speech and expression proclaimed as a natural right.
2. **Declaration of Rights (1789):**
- *Key Declaration:* The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
- *Freedom Granted:* Proclaimed freedom of the press, allowing diverse views to be expressed.
3. **Freedom in Media:**
- *Press Freedom:* People could express opposing views in newspapers.
- *Cultural Expression:* Plays, songs, and festive processions attracted large crowds.
👊TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE(TYK) 📚
**1. When was censorship abolished, leading to the proclamation of freedom of speech and expression?**
- a) 1789
- b) 1794
- c) 1848
**2. What key declaration proclaimed freedom of the press and allowed diverse views to be expressed?**
- a) The Constitution
- b) The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
- c) The Reign of Terror
*Answers:*
1. a) 1789
2. b) The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
**Summary for Learning:**
- Censorship abolished in 1789 during the French Revolution.
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen granted freedom of speech and expression.
- Press freedom allowed diverse views to be expressed.
- Cultural expressions like plays and songs drew large crowds.
👉Remember, the key changes include the abolition of censorship, the proclamation of freedom of speech, press freedom, and the cultural vibrancy during this transformative period in French history.
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